. The Bashford Dean memorial volume :. Fishes; Sharks; Fishes, Fossil. 396 Bashford Dean Memorial Volume THE BRANCHIOMERIC MUSCLES The segmentation that gives rise to the branchial arches is of a different nature from that which carves out the somites. The term branchial arches is used by embryologists, in its voidest sense, to include the mandibular and hyoid arches which are considered to be modified gill-arches. By comparative anatomists, the entire series is usually designat- ed the visceral skeleton, and the arches are called visceral arches. It is common to speak of the branchiomeric mus
. The Bashford Dean memorial volume :. Fishes; Sharks; Fishes, Fossil. 396 Bashford Dean Memorial Volume THE BRANCHIOMERIC MUSCLES The segmentation that gives rise to the branchial arches is of a different nature from that which carves out the somites. The term branchial arches is used by embryologists, in its voidest sense, to include the mandibular and hyoid arches which are considered to be modified gill-arches. By comparative anatomists, the entire series is usually designat- ed the visceral skeleton, and the arches are called visceral arches. It is common to speak of the branchiomeric muscles as the pharyngeal muscles, here also making no distinction between mouth and pharynx. superficiai co?7str/dor Tnuscles of^i/larches nerire eyemuscles. lafeml cana/s adduclor muscles ofjaii/s MecMs cartilage Text-figure 70. A dissected head of C\i\am-^iosdac\iu& ang\ in lateral view. From Gregory, 1933, Fig. 6; redrawn and slightly simplified after color figure in AlKs, 1923, pi. IV. '/â z.'in/r' While the metameric muscles are derived, at least in large part, from a dorsal zone of early mesoderm which has previously been cut up into somites, the muscles of the branchial (visceral) arches (excluding the hypobranchial group of muscles) do not arise from somites but from mesoderm that is commonly regarded as splanchnic. The nerves that supply these muscles are placed in a different category (visceral) from those (somatic) that supply metameric muscles. Fiirbringer (1903) described some of the muscles of gill-arch origin, particularly those of the mandibular arch, in C\Aam-^}ms. Luther (1909) described the muscles innervated by the trigeminal nerve. Goodey () described the muscles of the mandibular and hyoid arches. AUis (1923) has given a detailed, comprehensive and beautifully illustrated description of the pharyngeal muscles of Chlam^idoseldcfius, which. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitall
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