School dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities . teus was elected bythe senate, by xfpoojia, and was entrustedwith the custody of the laws. His usualname was ypaiMfxarevs t7]s ^ovXrjS. A third grammateus was called ypafxjxa-Tcvs rrjs Trdkecos, or ypafxpiar^vs ttjs BovXiisKoX Tov Srifxov. He was appointed by thepeople, by xe/poroiia, and the principalpart of his office was to read any laws ordocuments which were required to be readin the assembly or in the senate. GRAPHE (ypa(p-f)). [Dice.] GREAVES. [OciiEA.] GUBERNACULUM (irTjBdKiov), arudder. Before the invention of therudder, which Pliny a
School dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities . teus was elected bythe senate, by xfpoojia, and was entrustedwith the custody of the laws. His usualname was ypaiMfxarevs t7]s ^ovXrjS. A third grammateus was called ypafxjxa-Tcvs rrjs Trdkecos, or ypafxpiar^vs ttjs BovXiisKoX Tov Srifxov. He was appointed by thepeople, by xe/poroiia, and the principalpart of his office was to read any laws ordocuments which were required to be readin the assembly or in the senate. GRAPHE (ypa(p-f)). [Dice.] GREAVES. [OciiEA.] GUBERNACULUM (irTjBdKiov), arudder. Before the invention of therudder, which Pliny ascribes to Tiphys,the pilot of the ship Argo, vessels wereboth propelled and guided by oars alone. GYMNASIUM. This clrxjumstance may account for theform of the ancient rudder, as well asfor the mode of using it. It was like anoar with a very broad blade, and was com-monly placed on each side of the stern, notat its extremity. The annexed woodcutpresents examples of its appearance as it isfrequently exhibited on coins, gems, andother works of OnBERNACtTLnM, KUDBER. The usual position of the rudder at theside of the stern is seen in the woodcutat p. 27, b. The gubernaculum was managed by theguhernator {Kv€€pvf)TT]s); who is also calledthe rector as distinguished from the magister,and by the Greek poets olaKoarpScpog andolaKov6jXQS, because he turns and directs thehelm. GUSTATIO. [CoENA.]GUTTUS. [Balneum, p. 55, a.]GYMNASIUM {-fv^xviaiav). Thewholeeducation of a Greek youth was divided intothree parts,—grammar, music, and gym-nastics (ypdixixaTa, yLOvaiKT], yv/xvacTTiKT)), towhich Aristotle adds a fourth, the art ofdrawing or painting. Gymnastics, how-ever, were thought by the ancients a matterof such importance, that this part of edu-cation alone occupied as much time andattention as all the others put together;and while the latter necessarily ceased at acertain period of life, gymnastics continuedto be cultivated by persons of all ages, GYMNASIUM. 193 though those of
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