A treatise on concrete, plain and reinforced : materials, construction, and design of concrete and reinforced concrete; 2nd ed. . ing. {See The best and most durable concrete foundations, especiallyin work in sea water, are laid within cofferdams from which the waterhas been pumped, or in pneumatic caissons. However, because of the ?From drawing kindly furnished by H. W. Parkhurst, Engineer.•(?Authority of C. F. Loweth, Engineer. FOUNDATIONS AND PIERS 657 difficulty and expense of these methods, they cannot usually be followed. Ifthe bottom is prepared by dredging, and, if necessary, driving p
A treatise on concrete, plain and reinforced : materials, construction, and design of concrete and reinforced concrete; 2nd ed. . ing. {See The best and most durable concrete foundations, especiallyin work in sea water, are laid within cofferdams from which the waterhas been pumped, or in pneumatic caissons. However, because of the ?From drawing kindly furnished by H. W. Parkhurst, Engineer.•(?Authority of C. F. Loweth, Engineer. FOUNDATIONS AND PIERS 657 difficulty and expense of these methods, they cannot usually be followed. Ifthe bottom is prepared by dredging, and, if necessary, driving piles, goodpractise permits the use of a single line of sheeting, suitably supported withrangers, to prevent the wash of the water and keep the concrete fromspreading* Permanent metal cylinders are sometimes sunk in place ofthe sheeting. Methods of laying concrete under water are described in Chapter XV,page 301, and the effect of sea water upon concrete is discussed by Feret in Chapter XVI. BASE OF RAIL _ TO SUIT SUPERSTRUCTURE l; CONCRETE 20 1:3:6 CONCRETE ^3 > -OLD RAILS 10 TO 12 C. TO < RE SOFT U\TEi. ITLJ U J u U Lj LnJuid Li uLTlj lT^ Li uiliLiU DOTTED LINE TO BE USEO IFSTARKWATER IS UNNECESSARY SIDE AND UP-STREAM ELEVATIONS
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