. The foundation [and] growth of the British Empire . eutrahty and the Battle of Copenhagen, 1801. 4. Napoleon became First Consul in 1799 and Emperor of theFrench in 1804. He renewed the war against Britain in 1803. 5. A compHcated plan for the invasion of England was foiled bythe naval campaign of 1805. All hopes of repewing the schemewere ended by the Battle of Trafalgar, October 21st, 1805. 6. Napoleon then sought to injure British commeice by means ofthe Continental System (Berlin Decree, 1806 ; Milan Decrees, 1807 ;Treaty of Tilsit with Russia, 1807), the effect of which was to excludeBr
. The foundation [and] growth of the British Empire . eutrahty and the Battle of Copenhagen, 1801. 4. Napoleon became First Consul in 1799 and Emperor of theFrench in 1804. He renewed the war against Britain in 1803. 5. A compHcated plan for the invasion of England was foiled bythe naval campaign of 1805. All hopes of repewing the schemewere ended by the Battle of Trafalgar, October 21st, 1805. 6. Napoleon then sought to injure British commeice by means ofthe Continental System (Berlin Decree, 1806 ; Milan Decrees, 1807 ;Treaty of Tilsit with Russia, 1807), the effect of which was to excludeBritish trade from European countries. 7. Disputes over the rights of neutrals caused war between Britainand the United States in 1812. 8. The years 1812-15 witnessed the overthrow of Napoleon, largelyas the result of the Continental System. 9. The British colonial gains by the wars were : St. Lucia, Tobagoand Trinidad ; - British Honduras and British Guiana ; the Cape ofGood Hope, Mauritius and Ceylon. Java and certain other con-quests were PART IV. THE NINETEENTH CENTURY1815-1914 THE SECOND AGE OF PEACEFUL EXPANSIONCHAPTER I 1815-1840 (i) The Mother Country and the Colonies The nineteenth century, as a historical period, beginswith the settlement at the Vienna Congress in 1815. Theopening of the new period found the British Empire inan unaccustomed condition, tranquil abroad but seethingwith unrest and discontent at home. As we have seen,the exact opposite of this state of affairs had been usualdiuing the great wars. The causes of the trouble in Great Britain itself wereeconomic and political. The Industrial Eevolution, byincreasing and redistributing the population, a period ofby creating new industries which overshadowed unrest atthe old, and by producing a more intelligent ho^-and much less placid working-class, gave rise to ademand for far-reaching reforms in government. Theold unreformed Parliament of the eighteenth century,in which the land-owning and maritime
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