. American forestry. Forests and forestry. FOREST ROADS AND TRAILS 503. Till': DivCinuous leaved fokkst in tiik isottom of a CANYON. THK LARGE TREES ARE ELM AND COTTONWOOD. out enough so that a horse can get through with ease, which would mean a cleared space of four or five feet. A grade of fifteen to twenty per cent would be permissible. The first and most important con- sideration in trail construction is al- ways the location work. Grade is al- ways the determining factor in location. Wliere it is steep, switchbacks should be resorted to. The methods used in location are, (1) compass and A
. American forestry. Forests and forestry. FOREST ROADS AND TRAILS 503. Till': DivCinuous leaved fokkst in tiik isottom of a CANYON. THK LARGE TREES ARE ELM AND COTTONWOOD. out enough so that a horse can get through with ease, which would mean a cleared space of four or five feet. A grade of fifteen to twenty per cent would be permissible. The first and most important con- sideration in trail construction is al- ways the location work. Grade is al- ways the determining factor in location. Wliere it is steep, switchbacks should be resorted to. The methods used in location are, (1) compass and Abney hand level (accurate), (2) hand level onl_\' (fairly accurate) and (3) ocular leveling (inaccurate). A route should first be reconnoitered and definitely de- cided upon before it is staked out. The main points can be sketched in on a map by means of a compass and hand level. On short distances the hand level will be sufficient. Laying out by eye is a poor method and inaccurate at its best. The route should be staked every 50 to 100 feet and blazed, but as a usual thing routes are laid out by blaz- ing only. The blazes should be made close together along the trail so that there will never be any trouble in fol- lowing them; a long blaze with a hori- zontal notch above is used on Forest Service trails. Location should always be from the top of a hill to the bottom, otherwise the maximum grade is apt to be exceeded, because in locating from the bottom there is danger of making the grade steeper than necessarv. Lo- cation work can be done very well w ilh a crew of three men and costs from $ to $ per mile. There are several choices for trail routes, (1) valley or canyon, (2) ridge route, (3) trails cnxssing mountains, and (4) foothill grade. The use of one of the first two routes depends somewhat on the nature of the countrv. W'liere the canyons are extremely steep, narrow, and full of boxes or interrupted by clififs, the ridges and sidehills can be followed without mu
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Keywords: ., bookcentury1900, bookdecade1910, booksubjectforestsandforestry
