. Animal parasites and human disease. Medical parasitology; Insects as carriers of disease. Fig. 209. Types of pupal cases, showing manner 6f emer- gence of adults. A, empty case of blowfly, typical co-arctate pupa of Cyclorrhapha; B, empty case of mosquito, typical ob- tected pupa of Orthorrhapha. Fig. 210. A, &y emerg- ing from pupal case, show- ing bladder-like ptilinium (ptil.) by means of which the end of the case is pushed off; B, face of fly showing scar or lunule (lun.) left by drying up of ptilinium. (After Alcock.) cuticle, and is often capable of considerable activity; from this
. Animal parasites and human disease. Medical parasitology; Insects as carriers of disease. Fig. 209. Types of pupal cases, showing manner 6f emer- gence of adults. A, empty case of blowfly, typical co-arctate pupa of Cyclorrhapha; B, empty case of mosquito, typical ob- tected pupa of Orthorrhapha. Fig. 210. A, &y emerg- ing from pupal case, show- ing bladder-like ptilinium (ptil.) by means of which the end of the case is pushed off; B, face of fly showing scar or lunule (lun.) left by drying up of ptilinium. (After Alcock.) cuticle, and is often capable of considerable activity; from this " obtected " type of pupa (Fig. 209B) the adult insect emerges through a longitudinal sht along the back. In the other sub- order, Cyclorrhapha, the pupa'retains the hardened skin of the larva as a protective covering or " puparium," and is usually capable of very shght movement; from this " co-arctate " type of pupa (Fig. 209A) the adult escapes by pushing off the anterior end of the puparium with a hernia-hke outgrowth on the front of the head. This outgrowth, called the " ptihnium " (Fig. 210A), shrinks after the fly has emerged, but leaves a permanent cres- cent-shaped mark on the head known as the " frontal lunule " (Fig. 210B) which embraces the bases of the antennae, and gives. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original Chandler, Asa Crawford, 1891-. New York, J. Wiley
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