. Bulletin. Science. Figure 12.—Plunge battery using Wollaston's U-shaped electrodes. From T. Karass, Geschichte der Telegraphie, Braunschweig, 1909, p. 55. purities from doing so. Although Davy casually men- tioned the use of such an amalgamated electrode in his Bakerian Lecture-' of 1826, De la Rive was the first to examine and explain the relation be- tween amalgamation and local action. -^ (It may be that Davy was led to try such electrodes by analogy with the use of amalgamated electrodes in the electrostatic machine.) K. T. Kemp^' and William Sturgeon-'' were the first to use amal
. Bulletin. Science. Figure 12.—Plunge battery using Wollaston's U-shaped electrodes. From T. Karass, Geschichte der Telegraphie, Braunschweig, 1909, p. 55. purities from doing so. Although Davy casually men- tioned the use of such an amalgamated electrode in his Bakerian Lecture-' of 1826, De la Rive was the first to examine and explain the relation be- tween amalgamation and local action. -^ (It may be that Davy was led to try such electrodes by analogy with the use of amalgamated electrodes in the electrostatic machine.) K. T. Kemp^' and William Sturgeon-'' were the first to use amalgamation regu- larly in their experiments. Polarization results from the formation of a gaseous or solid film at an electrode. This film may prevent chemical interaction between the electrode and the 21 Humphrey Davy, "On the Relations of Electrical and Chemical Changes," Philosophical Transactions, 1826, vol. 116, pp. 383^22. 22 Auguste de la Rive, "Note relative a Faction qu'exerce sur le zinc I'acide sulfurique etendu d'eau," Bibliotheque univer- selle, sciences et arts, 1830, vol. 43, pp. 391-411. 23 K. T. Kemp, "Description of a Nevif Kind of Galvanic Pile, and also of Another Galvanic Apparatus in the Form of a Trough," Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, 1828, vol. 6, pp. 10-11; "Voltaic Batteries with Amalgamated Zinc," Annals of Electricity, Magnetism and Chemistry (hereinafter referred to as Sturgeon's Annals of Electricity), 1837, vol. 1, pp. 81-88. 2* William Sturgeon, "On Electro-Magnets," Philosophical Magazine, 1832, vol. 11, pp. 194-205. c C c i£\ i ri i \ ) I 3^ D SJ>(. ^^ r <f F Jl N _^^-^ c Figure 13.—Oersted's trough battery. From Schweigger's Journal jiXr Chemie mid Physik, 1817, vol. QO, fig. 2 of plate in Heft 2. electrolyte and may cause a current in the direction opposite to the normal flow. One of the first practical answers to the problem of gaseous polarization was found by J. Frederic Dan
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