. A cladistic analysis and classification of the subgenera and genera of the large carpenter bees, tribe Xylocopini (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Carpenter bees. Fig. 6. Xylocopa (Neoxylocopa) varipimcta male: A. Pregradular area of S4 showing patches of appressed setae. B. Side view of T4 with ap- pressed setal patch; arrow indicates anterior; abbreviations: sp = spiracle, g = gradulus. Scale = 1 mm. flanked by one or many preapical spines (prepygidial spines of Hurd and Moure, 1963). When there are many such spines they delimit a triangular area that may be a remnant of a pygidial plate. In Ceratin
. A cladistic analysis and classification of the subgenera and genera of the large carpenter bees, tribe Xylocopini (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Carpenter bees. Fig. 6. Xylocopa (Neoxylocopa) varipimcta male: A. Pregradular area of S4 showing patches of appressed setae. B. Side view of T4 with ap- pressed setal patch; arrow indicates anterior; abbreviations: sp = spiracle, g = gradulus. Scale = 1 mm. flanked by one or many preapical spines (prepygidial spines of Hurd and Moure, 1963). When there are many such spines they delimit a triangular area that may be a remnant of a pygidial plate. In Ceratinini and Allodapini, a developed spine is absent although the distal edge of T6 is medially elongated, forming a point. This character was coded as additive. 42. Gonostylus of male genitalia.—(0) A slender pro- jection fused to apex of gonocoxite (Figs. 8A, 8B, 8C, 9A, 9B, 9C, 9D, 9E, 9F); (1) a rounded or conical setose area at apex of gonocoxite (Hurd and Moure, 1963, Figs. 242,244). testis (Fig. 9B) was coded as having State 0 because its coni- cal gonostylus is different from that coded as 1. This deci- sion is based on the two features not found in other taxa with such gonostyli, a dense brush of medially oriented hairs on the gonostylus and a strong carina on the apex of the gonostylus. All outgroup taxa have a distinct slender gonostylus similar to state 0. 43. Lateral edge of penis valve.—(0) Smooth, without a carina (Fig. 9A, 9B, 9C, 9D, 9E, 9F); (1) protuberance or carina present (Fig. 8A, 88, 8C). State 1 is found in the outgroup only in some members of the Allodapini (Michener, 1975). The ground-plan state for the ingroup is inferred to be State 0. 44. Apex of penis valve.—(0) Not hirsute (Fig. 8A, 8B, 8C); (1) hirsute (Hurd, 1961, Figs. 1,3,4). This apomorphy unites Xylocopoides and Cnlloxi/Iocopa and does not occur in the Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - col
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