. Types and market classes of live stock. ed by the time the animal is 41/9 years old. The vertebral column is a chain of 54 to 56 irregular bones(vertebrae) extending from skull to end of tail. There areseven cervical (neck) vertebrae, 18 dorsal (back), 6 lumbar(loin), 5 sacral (croup), and 18 or 20 caudal (tail) above, the spinal column exhibits a concave cervicalcurve, a convex dorsal curve, a nearly straight lumbar region,and the sacro-caudal curve is concave below. The 3rd, 4th,and 5th dorsal vertebrae have the highest spines which formthe withers. There are 18 pairs of rib
. Types and market classes of live stock. ed by the time the animal is 41/9 years old. The vertebral column is a chain of 54 to 56 irregular bones(vertebrae) extending from skull to end of tail. There areseven cervical (neck) vertebrae, 18 dorsal (back), 6 lumbar(loin), 5 sacral (croup), and 18 or 20 caudal (tail) above, the spinal column exhibits a concave cervicalcurve, a convex dorsal curve, a nearly straight lumbar region,and the sacro-caudal curve is concave below. The 3rd, 4th,and 5th dorsal vertebrae have the highest spines which formthe withers. There are 18 pairs of ribs, 8 of which are true and 10false. The 8 true pairs join the 8 segments of the sternum or 301 302 Types and Market Classes of Live Stock breast bone. The 7th or £th ribs are longest. There is nocollar bone (clavicle) as in man, and the fore limbs are notattached to the trunk but are connected by intervening mus-cles. The hind limbs are united to the trunk by the pelvicgirdle which, in reality, is composed of three segments on Fig. 78. Skeleton of the Horse. This illustration shows the location of the bones, and the degree towhich the skeleton and the muscle influence the form. Muscular system.—The horse comprises a great numberof systems of levers represented in the bones and joints, eachsupplied with a system of muscles which furnish the exert a force in only one way, and that by shortening,giving a pull. For this reason muscles are arranged in pairs,as illustrated by the biceps and triceps which move the fore-arm in man. The flexor muscles are always inside the jointand the extensors outside. The theory has been advancedthat the shortening of muscles is due to a change in the formof the muscular cell from an elongated form to one nearlyround when stimulated by nerve action. Muscles act through Types and Market Classes of Live Stock 308 very short distances and upon the short end of levers com-posing the animal frame. Acting in this way, speed and
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