. Bulletin. Science. Figure 43.—Ackermann steering linkage of 1818, currently used in automobiles. This linkage was invented by George Lankensperger, coachmaker to the King of Bavaria. From Dinglers Polytechnisches Journal (1820, vol. i, pi. 7). tion in London.'"' Willis' comments on the mecha- nism are reproduced in figure 44. I hope that Sir Joseph Whitworth (1803-1887) will be remembered for sounder mechanical contrivances than this. Mechanisms in America, 1875-1955 Engineering colleges in the United States were oc- cupied until the late 1940's with extending, refining, and sharpening
. Bulletin. Science. Figure 43.—Ackermann steering linkage of 1818, currently used in automobiles. This linkage was invented by George Lankensperger, coachmaker to the King of Bavaria. From Dinglers Polytechnisches Journal (1820, vol. i, pi. 7). tion in London.'"' Willis' comments on the mecha- nism are reproduced in figure 44. I hope that Sir Joseph Whitworth (1803-1887) will be remembered for sounder mechanical contrivances than this. Mechanisms in America, 1875-1955 Engineering colleges in the United States were oc- cupied until the late 1940's with extending, refining, and sharpening the tools of analysis that had been suggested by Willis, Rankine, Reuleaux, Kennedy, and Smith. The actual practice of kinematic synthesis went on apace, but designers often declined such help as the analytical methods might give them and there was little exchange of ideas between scholars and practitioners. The capability and precision of machine tools were greatly enhanced during this period, although, with the exception of the centerless grinder, no significant new types of tools appeared. The machines that were made with machine tools increased in complexity and, with the introduction of ideas that made mass produc- tion of complex mechanical products economically feasible, there was an accelerating increase in quan- tity. The adoption of standards for all sorts of com- ponent parts also had an important bearing upon the ability of a designer economically to produce mecha- nisms that operated very nearly as he hoped they would. The study of kinematics has been considered for nearly 80 years as a necessary part of the mechanical engineer's training, as the dozens of textbooks that have been published over the years make amply clear. Until recently, however, one would look in vain for original work in America in the analysis or rational synthesis of mechanisms. One of the very earliest American textbooks of kine- matics was the 1883 work of Charles W. MacCord (1836-1915), w
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