. Soils, their properties and management. Soils. 648 SOILS: PROPJSBTIES AND MANAQBMBNT and the drain gradually increases in eflSciency. In heavy soil and in soils having hardpan properties, several seasons may be required for this change in the soil to spread three or four rods from the drains. The problem is to remove the excess water from the soil at the maximum distance from the drains in time to avoid serious injury to the crop. 550. Constructioix of drainage trenches for tile. — Trenches should be as small as possible and yet permit the ready introduction of the tile. Unless the tiles to
. Soils, their properties and management. Soils. 648 SOILS: PROPJSBTIES AND MANAQBMBNT and the drain gradually increases in eflSciency. In heavy soil and in soils having hardpan properties, several seasons may be required for this change in the soil to spread three or four rods from the drains. The problem is to remove the excess water from the soil at the maximum distance from the drains in time to avoid serious injury to the crop. 550. Constructioix of drainage trenches for tile. — Trenches should be as small as possible and yet permit the ready introduction of the tile. Unless the tiles to be used are of the larger sizes, the ditch should be made from twelve to fourteen inches wid^, with vertical sides. Where leveling instruments are employed, the course of the ditch is staked out and the grade cord is stretched a definite distance above the proposed grade line of the ditch, to guide the workmen. In hand digging, the earth is thrown out with a narrow-pointed spade, the loose earth. Pia. 66 —Tools for ditching (l) and (2), ditching spades for remov- ing the major part of the earth from the ditch, (3), grading scoop used to finish the bottom of the ditch and the grade, (4), skeleton spade adapted for use m very plastic soil, (5), shovel for removing loose earth, (6), hook used to place tiJe m deep, narrow trenches, (7), pick for loosening stone and hard earth. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original Lyon, T. L. (Thomas Lyttleton), 1869-1938; Fippin, Elmer O. (Elmer Otterbein), 1879-1949; Buckman, Harry Oliver, 1883-. New York, Macmillan
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Keywords: ., bookauthorlyontlth, bookcentury1900, bookdecade1910, bookyear1915
