. The principles and practice of surgery. more frequently met with among the poor and the labor-ing classes than among the rich. Sailors, however, are believed to beremarkably exempt. Gross affirms that stone in the bladder is threetimes more frequent among American negroes than among the nativewhites; and, according to the same author, an analysis of 6,042 caseshas shown that more cases occur prior to, than after the twentiethyear of life. VESICAL CALCULI. 829 Whatever causes a detention of the urine in the bladder, as for ex-ample paralysis of its muscular coats, hypertrophy accompanied with
. The principles and practice of surgery. more frequently met with among the poor and the labor-ing classes than among the rich. Sailors, however, are believed to beremarkably exempt. Gross affirms that stone in the bladder is threetimes more frequent among American negroes than among the nativewhites; and, according to the same author, an analysis of 6,042 caseshas shown that more cases occur prior to, than after the twentiethyear of life. VESICAL CALCULI. 829 Whatever causes a detention of the urine in the bladder, as for ex-ample paralysis of its muscular coats, hypertrophy accompanied withthe formation of sacculi, enlargement of the prostate, and stricture, maygive rise to calculous concretions; catarrhal cystitis favors the en-tanglement and retention of urinary deposits ; and finally, the presence inthe bladder of foreign substances of any kind, such as blood, fragmentsof bone, or balls left from gunshot accidents, various substances con-veyed into the bladder accidentally or intentionally through theurethra. Fig. Mackcnzies case of Five Phosphatic Calculi, of which the Nuclei were Beans. Yery many vesical calculi originate in the kidneys or in the ureters,owing to diseased conditions, or obstructions in these organs ; and es-caping from thence into the bladder, while they are yet small, subse-quently attain a more considerable magnitude. The size of calculi varies from a pins head to several inches indiameter. We have removed from the female bladder, but not untilafter having broken it into several fragments, a phosphatic calculusweighing four ounces and some grains; and from a male the largestcalculus we have removed weighed also a little over four ounces, beingtwo inches and seven-eighths in its longest, and two inches in its centraltransverse diameter. In many cases, however, the calculi have muchexceeded these limits both in size and weight. Mr. Erichsen says hesaw in the possession of Uytterhooven, of Brussels, a calculus removedby him, by the high
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