. Social England; a record of the progress of the people in religion, laws, learning, arts, industry, commerce, science, literature and manners, from the earliest times to the present day . to a committee of Lords and Lommoiis. TheEnglish monarchy had suddenly become an absolute was impossible that such a reversal of the work of three cen-turies should be permanent. To complete his triumph, Richardhad seized the opportunity of a quarrel between the twolast of the appellants—Henry of Derby and Mowbray ofNottingham—who had lately been created Dukes of Herefordand of Norfolk respectiv


. Social England; a record of the progress of the people in religion, laws, learning, arts, industry, commerce, science, literature and manners, from the earliest times to the present day . to a committee of Lords and Lommoiis. TheEnglish monarchy had suddenly become an absolute was impossible that such a reversal of the work of three cen-turies should be permanent. To complete his triumph, Richardhad seized the opportunity of a quarrel between the twolast of the appellants—Henry of Derby and Mowbray ofNottingham—who had lately been created Dukes of Herefordand of Norfolk respectively. There was to be a public duel. BUIDIiE. between them : it had just begun when the king interposedand banished both. On John of Gaunts death Richard seizedthe Lancaster estates; Henry returned to claim his inherit-ance ; the king was absent in Ireland. Henry had long beenthe most popular man in England, and doubtless had anunderstanding with the great nobles. All deserted to his side,and Richard on his return found all was hopeless, andabdicated September 29, 1399. The contemporary chronicler, Abdica-the monk of Evesham, sees in Richards fall the moral that ^g^ar^u he who smites with the sword shall perish by the Rehoboam, he had despised the counsel of old men andfollowed the yotmg to do evil. Henry stood forth in Parliameutto assert his right to the vacant throne as descended in the 214 THE BLACK DEATH. AND AFTERWAIWS. [1348-1399 right line from Henry III., and as sent by God to recoverhis right when the reahii was in point to bo undone for(lofanlt iif governance. Thus fell the medieval form ofm


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