. Bulletin - Biological Survey. Zoology, Economic. 68 WOODPECKEES IN RELATION TO TREES. THE WALNUTS AND HICKORIES (JUGLANDACE^e).. The trees of this family furnish the most costly woods produced in the United States. They are frequently attacked by sapsuckers and the resulting injuries are severe and often ruin the lumber, except for fuel or heavy con- struction. Serious defects have been observed in the wood of 12 of the 19 native species, and probably all of them are subject to sapsucker injury. In black (fig. 18) and in Texan wal- nut, the defects consist of heavy black stains running far a
. Bulletin - Biological Survey. Zoology, Economic. 68 WOODPECKEES IN RELATION TO TREES. THE WALNUTS AND HICKORIES (JUGLANDACE^e).. The trees of this family furnish the most costly woods produced in the United States. They are frequently attacked by sapsuckers and the resulting injuries are severe and often ruin the lumber, except for fuel or heavy con- struction. Serious defects have been observed in the wood of 12 of the 19 native species, and probably all of them are subject to sapsucker injury. In black (fig. 18) and in Texan wal- nut, the defects consist of heavy black stains running far along the grain and black checks, either rilled with loose plugs or open and knotty. They spoil the ornamental appear- ance of these woods. In hickory (PL X, figs. 2 to 4, and PL XI, fig. 1) the blemishes consist of open black checks (varying in size up to 2 by 4 inches), sometimes soft walled or partly filled with spongy growth, frequently connected with gnarly fissures up to 2 inches in length, which usually extend toward the bark. These are surrounded by brown or black stains called iron streaks, which penetrate more or less wood adjoining the wound and follow the grain some- l imes for many feet. They are serious in all the species examined. Mr. Carlos G. Bates of the 'The hickory is oftentimes damaged beyond the effect of the streak. As the wound made by the bird heals over, a small lump is formed over the spot, and stimulated to hyper- trophied growth (by the lack of pressure where the bark has been removed). This in time becomes a sort of tubercle standing out at right angles to the stem and protruding through the bark. Sooner or later it ceases to grow, and the normal growth of the tree buries it, leaving a flaw in the wood equal to a large, loose ; The abundance and extensiveness of stains and gnarly growth in hickory unfit the wood for orna- mental purposes, and the fact that the iron streaks make the wood harder to work and that check- ing takes place readil
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