. The chordates. Chordata. 344 Comparative Anatomy—Its History, Aim, and Method BASISPHENOID ALISPHENOID ORBITOSPHENOID PRESPHENOII BASIOCCIPITAL SUPRAOCaPITAL lOCCIPITAL. Fig. 278. One of Owen's figures illustrating the Goethe-Oken vertebral theory of the skull. The mammalian skull was conceived to be constituted of four enlarged and modified vertebrae. (After Wilder. Courtesy, Neal and Rand: "Chordate Anatomy," Philadelphia, The Blakiston Company.) built on the same plan. In the lower part of. the trunk is a cavity (abdominal) occupied mainly by organs which are concerned with food
. The chordates. Chordata. 344 Comparative Anatomy—Its History, Aim, and Method BASISPHENOID ALISPHENOID ORBITOSPHENOID PRESPHENOII BASIOCCIPITAL SUPRAOCaPITAL lOCCIPITAL. Fig. 278. One of Owen's figures illustrating the Goethe-Oken vertebral theory of the skull. The mammalian skull was conceived to be constituted of four enlarged and modified vertebrae. (After Wilder. Courtesy, Neal and Rand: "Chordate Anatomy," Philadelphia, The Blakiston Company.) built on the same plan. In the lower part of. the trunk is a cavity (abdominal) occupied mainly by organs which are concerned with food. Above is a cavity (thoracic) in which are organs (lungs) concerned with breathing. Between the two cavities is a partition, the diaphragm. Similarly, in the head, the mouth cavity below and the nasal cavities above are, respectively, "abdominal" and "; The palate, between mouth and nasal cavities, is the "diaphragm" of the head. So far, we follow easily. But, to make the uniformity complete, it is neces- sary to discover, in the head, the equivalents of the two pairs of append- ages of the trunk. Under urge of necessity many a discovery has been made, and so Oken discovered that the right and left halves of the lower jaw are the "legs" and, similarly, the lateral halves of the upper jaw are the "arms" of the head. Granting this, it is obvious that the lower teeth are "toes" and the upper teeth are "; All of this and much more of the same sort was put forth by Oken and his dis- ciples as serious anatomy. It is not surprising that a hard-headed man such as Cuvier lost patience with speculative anatomy. Study of the history of anatomy makes it clear that the earlier development of the science took place in close association with medicine and surgery. Man's primary interest in anatomy was in himself and with reference to his own physical disabilities. In Aristotle and occa- sional others, we
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