Handbook of meat inspection . Fiually, in youug pigeons, accordiug to Niebel, thebreast muscles sliow through the skin as white, while iu old er birdsthey appear bluish-red. (b) Recognition of the Sex of Slaug-litered Animals. The recognition of the sex of slaughtered animals has a practicalvalue in the case of cattle, sheep and hogs. 1. Cattle.—Bulls, steers and cows are slaughtered—spayedcows but rarely. Besides this, one speaks of young cattle, one-halt IIECOOXIIIÜX ÜF AGE AND SEX 229 to one year old ; heifers (youug cows whicli never liave never boruecalves), and steers (yonnjr, uufattened
Handbook of meat inspection . Fiually, in youug pigeons, accordiug to Niebel, thebreast muscles sliow through the skin as white, while iu old er birdsthey appear bluish-red. (b) Recognition of the Sex of Slaug-litered Animals. The recognition of the sex of slaughtered animals has a practicalvalue in the case of cattle, sheep and hogs. 1. Cattle.—Bulls, steers and cows are slaughtered—spayedcows but rarely. Besides this, one speaks of young cattle, one-halt IIECOOXIIIÜX ÜF AGE AND SEX 229 to one year old ; heifers (youug cows whicli never liave never boruecalves), and steers (yonnjr, uufattened oxen). TIih and steeis,in some parts of Geituany, ure sometiuies included niider tli»^ terni cattle, raore correctly, youug cattle. The bull is cliaracterized by thn massive devclopment of Ijistonscles, especially tho neck and sbonlder musculature (Fi^r. 3öj;also by the dark color of the musculature and the scarcity of lattissue. Finally, tlie inguinal caual is opeu, for the reason that the FiQ. 35. Fig. Fore quarter of a bull. Fore quarter of a steer. testicles, with the spermatic cord, are removed in slauehterinff(Fig. 37, e). ^ ^ The ox is distinguished from the bull by the weaker develop-ment of the Shoulder and neck musculature (Fig. 36); by its thickpanniculns adiposas, and by the possession of a scrotal fat tissuewhich completely conceals the inguinal ring (Fig. 38, r). In cows the udder is often carefully removed, except for theconical-shaped remnant in the posterior part. This oi)eration isperformed in order to give feniale aninials the appearance of atterapted deception, however, is easiiy reeognized by themammary tissue which remains, and by the supramammary lympli 230 APPEARANCE AND DIFFERENTIATION OF MEAT AND ORGANS glands covering tliis tissue. Helfers possess an iidder of only slightproportions, and, when in good conditiou, the udder is completeJyinfiltrated with f;it tissue (Fig. 39, c), as contrasted with the large,flabby, depe
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