. Social England; a record of the progress of the people in religion, laws, learning, arts, industry, commerce, science, literature and manners, from the earliest times to the present day . rusicd to tlie mostenergetic of liailiffs, (onipulsory labour is pioverbially in-effective, even \\\irn the labourer lau be maile to do wlialevcrhe is told; while on I be maiioi the villeins could .•iluays besetting up the customs, and claiming that, they doui!all that could be rccpiired of them. The very variety of AGRICULTURE. 141 1348; tilt customs, too, made evasion eas^-, ami liy necessitating an
. Social England; a record of the progress of the people in religion, laws, learning, arts, industry, commerce, science, literature and manners, from the earliest times to the present day . rusicd to tlie mostenergetic of liailiffs, (onipulsory labour is pioverbially in-effective, even \\\irn the labourer lau be maile to do wlialevcrhe is told; while on I be maiioi the villeins could .•iluays besetting up the customs, and claiming that, they doui!all that could be rccpiired of them. The very variety of AGRICULTURE. 141 1348; tilt customs, too, made evasion eas^-, ami liy necessitating aninoi^linato amount of superintendence helped to lessen whatsmall margin of profit there might otherwise have heen. Atthe same time, the exj)enses of thr lords were growing: forthe age was one of progress, and civilisation brought greaterluxury in its train. The chivalry, too. of the time with itspomp and splendour, the prevalent taste for building, and asomewhat ostentatious charity, all demanded ready money,and this was just what the lords failed to get so long astheir rents were only paid in labour. As a consequence, itbecame customarv to i-uuuuutc tlic services of the more sub-. wojn;.\ AVEEDixi: tiik cokx. [Lultnll Pscfllrr.) stantial villcnis for :i money ]3ayment. At first this was oidydone provisionallv, and the lord was left at liberty to exacteither the money or the services, whichever might be themore convenient, while in any case lie could fall back onthe lattrr if the villeins failed to produce the money. Evenif he took the inonev, he was not independent of the villeins,for he still had to find the labour necessary to cultivate hisdemesne, and tliis he did b} engaging the same villeins ashired labourers. i!ut in this he gained largely, for he nowgot not only permanent servants who worked better, butservants who could be employed exactly wlien and as theywere required. The villeins, tot), gained e([ually; for theynow felt tiiat their work was voluntary, and that it
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