Elements of ecology (1954) Elements of ecology elementsofecolog00clar Year: 1954 The Variety of Substrata 65 ecology of fouling is necessary for success in the very practical prob- lem of preventing this attachment. In experiments with different types of materials with which to coat submerged objects including ship bottoms, it was found that no surface could be devised which was so smooth, so slippery, or so soft that a barnacle cyprid could not gain a foothold. Tests showed that fouling could be prevented only by covering the ship's hull with paint that emitted copper or other ions strongly
Elements of ecology (1954) Elements of ecology elementsofecolog00clar Year: 1954 The Variety of Substrata 65 ecology of fouling is necessary for success in the very practical prob- lem of preventing this attachment. In experiments with different types of materials with which to coat submerged objects including ship bottoms, it was found that no surface could be devised which was so smooth, so slippery, or so soft that a barnacle cyprid could not gain a foothold. Tests showed that fouling could be prevented only by covering the ship's hull with paint that emitted copper or other ions strongly toxic to the attaching stages, as illustrated in Fig. (Woods C. M. Weiss, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Fig. Bottom of boat showing reactions of fouling organisms to different anti- fouling paints. Fouling has been prevented on port side by emission of ions from cuprous oxide paint. On the starboard side fouling organisms have attached be- cause the emission from the metaUic copper paint used on that side has been in- hibited by the coupling action of the galvanized iron patch seen at right of propeller. Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1950). Without an effective anti- fouling paint a battleship is said to require 30 per cent more fuel to maintain cruising speed within 6 months after launching, and its top speed is seriously reduced. The research program on the ecological relations of fouling organisms and on poisoning methods undertaken in American marine laboratories during World War II was reported to have saved the United States Navy 10 per cent of its entire fuel bill. The substrata used by plants and animals are not restricted to in-
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