. A cladistic analysis and classification of the subgenera and genera of the large carpenter bees, tribe Xylocopini (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Carpenter bees. 12 Scientific Papers, Natural History Museum, The University of Kansas. sa Fig. 7. Dorsal surface of T6 of females: A. X. (.Mcsotrichia) flnvorufn. B. X. (.Xylocopoides) californica. C. X. (Notoxylocopa) tabmuformis (modified from Hurd and Moure, 1963). Abbreviations: p = pygidial spine; sa = preapical spine. 45. Penis.—(0) Entirely membranous; (1) sclerotized basally on venter. State 0 characterizes all outgroup taxa. 46. Spatha.—(0) Reduce
. A cladistic analysis and classification of the subgenera and genera of the large carpenter bees, tribe Xylocopini (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Carpenter bees. 12 Scientific Papers, Natural History Museum, The University of Kansas. sa Fig. 7. Dorsal surface of T6 of females: A. X. (.Mcsotrichia) flnvorufn. B. X. (.Xylocopoides) californica. C. X. (Notoxylocopa) tabmuformis (modified from Hurd and Moure, 1963). Abbreviations: p = pygidial spine; sa = preapical spine. 45. Penis.—(0) Entirely membranous; (1) sclerotized basally on venter. State 0 characterizes all outgroup taxa. 46. Spatha.—(0) Reduced or absent (Fig. 8A, 8B, 8C); (1) well developed (Hurd and Moure, 1963, Figs. 131,134). State 1 is an autapomorphy for Notoxylocopa. Although a spatha is present in many groups of bees, it is not so well developed in the outgroup. 47. Gonostylus of male genitalia.—(0) Slender, elon- gate and erect, over 1/2 as long as gonocoxite (Fig. 9D); (1) slender and less than 1/2 as long as gonocoxite (Figs. SA, 8B, 8C, 9A, 9B, 9C, 9E, 9F), or entirely fused with gonocoxite and represented only by the rounded or coni- cal setose area at apex of gonocoxite (Character 42-1). An elongate, slender gonostylus with numerous setae is con- sidered to be plesiomorphic for bees. The outgroup is vari- able in this respect, but in each tribe some member has this plesiomorphic condition, , Pararhophites (Fararhophitini), Parafidelia (Fideliini), Euceratina (Ceratinini), Manuelia (Manueliini), and Compsomelissa (Allodapini) and some Allodapula (Allodapini). 48. Gonostylus of male genitalia.—(0) Lacking a dense patch of setae on its apex (Fig. 8C); (1) with dense apical patch of setae (Figs. 8A; 9B). State 1 is not found in the outgroup. 49. Apex of gonostylus with medially projecting lobe.—(0) Absent (Figs. 8B, 8C; 9C, 9D); (1) present, not weU developed (Fig. 9B); (2) present, well developed (Fig. 8A). The apex of the gonostylus is entire in all outgroup taxa. 50. Ventromedial margins o
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