The first four Caliphs, heirs of Prophet Muhammad, in chronological order: Abu Bakr as-Siddiq (top right), Umar ibn al-Khattab (top left), Uthman ibn Affan (bottom right), Ali ibn Abi Talib (bottom left). I quattro primi Califfi. Handcoloured copperplate engraving by L. Giarre from Giulio Ferrario’s Costumes Ancient and Modern of the Peoples of the World, Il Costume Antico e Modern o Story, Florence, 1842. Copied from Ignace Mouradgea d’Ohsson’s Tableau General de l’Empire Othoman, Paris, 1790.

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Photo credit: © Florilegius / Alamy / Afripics
License: Licensed
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