. The American fruit culturist. ips are pinched off. After pinching,the upper bud will frequently break, or start into a newshoot—in which case a second pinching should be given, andso on as long as the growing season continues. Summer pruning consists, in addition to this pinching, inrubbing off all useless shoots when they first appear. Bear-ing canes should be at least ten inches or a foot apart, and allshoots between them are useless and detrimental, by crowding THE GRAPE. 415 the foliage, lessening its health and vigor, and drawingstrength from the vine. The process of rubbing off is gene
. The American fruit culturist. ips are pinched off. After pinching,the upper bud will frequently break, or start into a newshoot—in which case a second pinching should be given, andso on as long as the growing season continues. Summer pruning consists, in addition to this pinching, inrubbing off all useless shoots when they first appear. Bear-ing canes should be at least ten inches or a foot apart, and allshoots between them are useless and detrimental, by crowding THE GRAPE. 415 the foliage, lessening its health and vigor, and drawingstrength from the vine. The process of rubbing off is gener-ally begun quite early in summer, or by the time the firstshoots are but a few inches in length; and it should be con-tinued or repeated as long as any intruding shoots spring fromthe vine. In commercial work, summer pinching is not em-ployed. It entails too much subsequent thinning. Modifications of Training. But one mode has been described, namely, that representedin Fig. 558. Some cultivators adopt a modification of this. Fig. 565. plan, by employing a single horizontal arm, extended in onedirection only (Fig. 565), instead of the two arms on oppositesides. This mode appears to succeed well, and is regarded
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