A text-book of clinical anatomy : for students and practitioners . lunar valves ofthe aorta; the nerves are derived from the vagi and sympathetics. Theformer depresses or slows the heart, the latter stimulates or acceleratesit. The heart lies in the anterior mediastinum (separated from thesternum by the anterior borders of the lungs), between the sternum andvertebral column. Its long axis is directed from the right above to theleft downward and forward (Figs. 37 and 53). A left-sided pleuraleffusion displaces the heart to the right. Wounds of the heart most fre-quently involve the right ventri
A text-book of clinical anatomy : for students and practitioners . lunar valves ofthe aorta; the nerves are derived from the vagi and sympathetics. Theformer depresses or slows the heart, the latter stimulates or acceleratesit. The heart lies in the anterior mediastinum (separated from thesternum by the anterior borders of the lungs), between the sternum andvertebral column. Its long axis is directed from the right above to theleft downward and forward (Figs. 37 and 53). A left-sided pleuraleffusion displaces the heart to the right. Wounds of the heart most fre-quently involve the right ventricle. A number of successful cases ofsuture of the heart have been reported. In order to expose it, the fourthand fifth left costal cartilages must be resected, and, if necessary, a por-tion of the sternum adjacent. In children the heart is relatively largerthan in adults (Figs. 37 and 71) and the apex-beat is higher. The Esophagus. The esophagus (see Fig. 69) begins at the cricoid cartilage as thecontinuation of the pharynx, passes behind the trachea in the neck. Fig. 68.—Surface markings of thoracic and abdominal viscera. P, Pleura. L, , Midclavicular line. D, Upper level of diaphragm. RL, Right lobe of liver. LL,Left lobe of liver. LC, Lesser curvature of stomach. G C, Greater curvature of , Pylorus. G, Gall-bladder. SF, Hepatic flexure of colon. HF, Splenic flexure of colonD, Ascending portion of duodenum. The horizontal and vertical portions of the duo-denum can be followed from Y to D. The vertical portion is under the letter G. AC,Ascending colon. C, Cecum. A, Appendix. B, Pelvic brim, projected on anteriorsurface of abdomen. X, McBurneys line, from anterior superior spine of ilium to um-bilicus. T, Transverse colon. DC, Descending colon. PC, Pelvic colon or sigmoidflexure. R, Rectum. IS, Fissure between upper and middle lobes of right lung. IF,Fissure between middle and lower lobes of right lung. H, Portion of pericardium whichis not covered by pleura (
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