. . lization of this great force is almost without limit. OIL WELLS* The Pennsylvania oil region and the Russian oil regionare the two greatest centers of petroleum in the latter has its center at Baku, on the Caspian Sea. Oil is found in Pennsylvania in oil-bearing sand-rocks,which are considered as the reservoirs in which the distilledproduct has found a permanent lodgment. The depth ofthe oil-sand or sand-rock in this State is from 800 to 1,900feet. There are often several strata, one above the other,containing oil. It i
. . lization of this great force is almost without limit. OIL WELLS* The Pennsylvania oil region and the Russian oil regionare the two greatest centers of petroleum in the latter has its center at Baku, on the Caspian Sea. Oil is found in Pennsylvania in oil-bearing sand-rocks,which are considered as the reservoirs in which the distilledproduct has found a permanent lodgment. The depth ofthe oil-sand or sand-rock in this State is from 800 to 1,900feet. There are often several strata, one above the other,containing oil. It is the uniform experience that the lightest oils arefound in the lowest sandstones, while the heaviest oils aredrawn from the shallowest wells; and as we approach thesurface, where it is gathered from the pools dug to thedepth of only a few feet, it becomes sticky, semi-fluid, andfinally a solid asphalt. Man made no attempt to bore a deep hole through soiland rock, hundreds of feet down, to reach oil, until thesummer of 1859. The first oil company was formed in. .. • —>- ^«J\, «:5«S2^ OIL WELL. GRAND CANYON, GEYSERS, ETC. SI 1854, with Mr. George H. Bissel at its head, which boredthe first oil well in the summer of 1859, under the directionof E. L. Drake. The price of oil, when first put on the market, wasabout thirty-five cents a gallon at retail, or to the con-sumer. It has since been sold to the consumer at as low aprice as seven cents a gallon. The Standard Oil Company owned the first pipe linesthat transported oil from the Pennsylvania oil fields to thesea coast. The American oil is said to be at least twenty-five per cent, superior to the Russian article. It is of ahigher grade, and commands, naturally, a higher price. It is assumed that there must still be great quantitiesof oil in the rock formation of the earth. CHAPTER III FORMATION OF MINERALS AND GEMS Even an elementary study of the forms here pictured andan investigation into their causes and histories
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