Tudor period medieval era architecture Perpendicular Gothic style
The English word squire is a shortened version of the word Esquire, from the Old French escuier (modern French écuyer), itself derived from the Late Latin scutarius ("shield bearer"), in medieval or Old English a scutifer. The Classical Latin equivalent was armiger, "arms bearer". The term has evolved in its uses, referring in the Middle Ages to a trainee knight; after that to the leader of an English village—often a justice of the peace or a Member of Parliament; and, currently, to a justice of the peace or to a similar local dignitary in the United States; to an attendant escorting a woman, or to a gallant. The Tudor period constitutes a transitional phase, in which the organic continuity and innovation of the medieval era gave way to centuries in which architecture was dominated by a succession of attempts to revive earlier styles. The Perpendicular Gothic style reached its culmination in the reign of Henry VII and the early years of Henry VIII, with the construction of King's College Chapel, Cambridge and Henry VII's Chapel at Westminster Abbey. However, the Reformation brought an effective halt to church-building in England which continued in most parts of the country until the 19th century. By the time of Henry VII's accession castle-building in England had come to an end and under the Tudors ostentatious unfortified country houses and palaces became widespread, built sometimes of stone but more usually of brick, which first became a common building material in England in this period. Characteristic features of the early Tudor style included imposing gatehouses (a vestige of the castle), flattened pointed arches in the Perpendicular Gothic manner, square-headed windows, decoratively shaped gables and large ornate chimneys. Outstanding surviving examples of early Tudor palatial architecture include Hampton Court Palace and Layer Marney Tower.
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