. History of France and Normandy, from the earliest times to the revolution of 1848. l. He threatened to renew thewar with Spain, unless the right of precedence was concededto his ambassador, and actually sent an army into Italy topunish the pope for an insult offered to the French embassy,and which had been provoked by insolence and outrage. Dun-kirk was purchased from the necessitous Charles II., to thegreat and just displeasure of the English people, who saw it,when strengthened by new fortifications, become a powerfulbulwark of France, and a port formidable to the English tradefrom the pro
. History of France and Normandy, from the earliest times to the revolution of 1848. l. He threatened to renew thewar with Spain, unless the right of precedence was concededto his ambassador, and actually sent an army into Italy topunish the pope for an insult offered to the French embassy,and which had been provoked by insolence and outrage. Dun-kirk was purchased from the necessitous Charles II., to thegreat and just displeasure of the English people, who saw it,when strengthened by new fortifications, become a powerfulbulwark of France, and a port formidable to the English tradefrom the protection it afforded privateers in time of war. As-sistance was sent to the Austrians, by which they were ena-bled to check the progress of the Turks; and by the aid ofsome French forces, the independence of Portugal was finallycompleted. 5. Commercial jealousy had led to a war betweenEngland and Holland, which was equally injurious to bothcountries. Louis supported the Dutch, and aided them by apowerful fleet, which the judicious measures of Colbert mav26 J 302 HISTORY OF Colbert. be almost said to have createdHolland was at this time governed by the grand pension-ary, John de Wit, who opposedthe English with equal wisdomand resolution. Several fiercenaval engagements werefought without any decisiveadvantage being gained, andEngland soon began to disco-ver that the war was any thingbut politic. The great plagueand the great fire of Londonwere national calamities thatcalmed the desire for war. Ne-gotiations were commenced at Breda, but before the1fifiJ peace was concluded, the English had the mortification to see de Ruyter enter the Thames and burn severalvessels. The treaty was not, however, broken off by this event,and the articles were, on the whole, favourable to England. 6. Although by the treaty of the Pyrennees, the queen ofFrance had resigned all claim to the dominions of her father,yet Louis formed the design of reviving some of those rights,and securing a port
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