. Better fruit. Fruit-culture. •-IGURE 9—WOODEN BOX PLACED TX BANK OF HEAD DFrCII pipes and distribute it through stand- pipes placed at the heads of the rows of trees. Both cement and clay pipes are used for this purpose. The former are usually molded in two- foot lengths, with beveled lap joints, and consist of a one to three or one to four mixture of cement and fine gravel and sand. The most common sizes are six, eight, ten and twelve inches in diameter, having a thickness of shell in the twelve- inch pipe of one and one-half inches, which is reduced to a trifle more than one inch in the si
. Better fruit. Fruit-culture. •-IGURE 9—WOODEN BOX PLACED TX BANK OF HEAD DFrCII pipes and distribute it through stand- pipes placed at the heads of the rows of trees. Both cement and clay pipes are used for this purpose. The former are usually molded in two- foot lengths, with beveled lap joints, and consist of a one to three or one to four mixture of cement and fine gravel and sand. The most common sizes are six, eight, ten and twelve inches in diameter, having a thickness of shell in the twelve- inch pipe of one and one-half inches, which is reduced to a trifle more than one inch in the six-inch pipe. Piping of this kind, when well made and care- fully laid, will withstand a head of ten to sixteen feet. The clay pipe is similar to that used in cities for sewers and, having stronger joints, withstands a greater pressure, but costs more. A line of pipe is laid about two feet below the surface from the feed main and measur- ing box across the top of the orchard, and as each row of trees is passed a standpipe is inserted. The general plan is shown in outline in Figure,15. Various devices are emploj'ed to convey the water from the pipe to the surface of the ground at the head of each tree row and divide it up evenly among four to six furrows. One of the most common consists of a series of standpipes, the top of each set rising to the same eleva- tion. At each change of elevation special standpipes are used, and in these are inserted gates provided with overflows. The manner of distributing the water from a standpipe to the furrows of any one row is shown in Figure 16. Occasionally a high pressure pipe is substituted for cement and clay. This is tapped at the head and in line with each row of trees, and a small galvanized iron pipe is inserted. These standpipes are capped by an ordinary valve, which regulates the flow to each row of trees. This method is shown in operation in Figure 17, where a young orchard is being irrigated from three-quarter-inch galvanized ir
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