. The botanical class-book, and flora of Pennsylvania, designed for seminaries of learning and private classes. i. Erose (gnawed,) when the margin has the appearance of being bitten by insects, though not so in reality. Ex.: Fireweed. 6. Spinose (armed,) when the marginal denticulations, whatever form theyassume, are terminated with sharp, rigid spines. Ex.: Thistle, Argemone. 7. Undulate (wavy,) when the margin rises and falls like waves. Ex.: Amvranthus. 8. Laciniate (torn,) divided by deep and irregular gashes. 9. Crisped, when the margin is variously curled and twisted. Ex.: CrispedMallows
. The botanical class-book, and flora of Pennsylvania, designed for seminaries of learning and private classes. i. Erose (gnawed,) when the margin has the appearance of being bitten by insects, though not so in reality. Ex.: Fireweed. 6. Spinose (armed,) when the marginal denticulations, whatever form theyassume, are terminated with sharp, rigid spines. Ex.: Thistle, Argemone. 7. Undulate (wavy,) when the margin rises and falls like waves. Ex.: Amvranthus. 8. Laciniate (torn,) divided by deep and irregular gashes. 9. Crisped, when the margin is variously curled and twisted. Ex.: CrispedMallows. 10. Revolute, when the margin is rolled backward, or upon the under surfaceEx.: Rosemary, Thyme. Involute, when rolled forward, or upon the upper side. APEX. 112. The apex of a leaf is that part which is opposite tothe base or footstalk. It varies considerably in shape indifferent leaves. It is said to be— lu Acute, when it terminates with an acute angle. 2. Acuminate, (Fig. 61.) when it ends with a long tapering point. 61. 62. 63, 64. A cm 3. Cuspidate, when it runs out gradually into a small, awl shaped, rigid spin? 4. MuCPvONATE (Fig. 62,) when it ends abruptly in a short, lard, crusty point. 5. Emarginate (Fig. 63,) having a small notch in the end. 42 SURFACE. 6. Retuse, terminating with a round end, having the centre depressed. 7. Obtuse, when it is rounded. 8. Truncate (Fig. 64,) when it appears as if cut across in nearly straight lines,as in the Tulip, Poplar. 9. Cirrhose (Fig. 65,) when it is terminated by a kind of tendril. SURFACE. 118. The surface of a leaf comprehends both the upperand the under side. The upper surface is generally thesmoothest, although the veins can be traced in the form ofwhite or colored lines; yet they very rarely produce thoseelevated ridges which are generally so prominent on the undersurface. In treating of the different characters that distin-guish the surfaces of leaves, the upper disk only is alludedto. The greater number of the
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