. The bison of Yellowstone National Park. American bison; Mammals. through the rut. Horning of trees by bulls, more specifically associat- ed with rutting activity, had even more effect than rubbing (Fig. 48). Although many trees survived years of this use, isolated trees and those near the edges of the forest were often killed. McHugh (1958) found that in rare cases in Hayden Valley the tree line was actually forced back, but that overall effects on reproduction were minor. Pat- ten (1963) concluded that elk con- tributed to maintenance of an abrupt ecotone between forest and meadows in the M
. The bison of Yellowstone National Park. American bison; Mammals. through the rut. Horning of trees by bulls, more specifically associat- ed with rutting activity, had even more effect than rubbing (Fig. 48). Although many trees survived years of this use, isolated trees and those near the edges of the forest were often killed. McHugh (1958) found that in rare cases in Hayden Valley the tree line was actually forced back, but that overall effects on reproduction were minor. Pat- ten (1963) concluded that elk con- tributed to maintenance of an abrupt ecotone between forest and meadows in the Madison Range (just west of the park) but that for- est areas were increasing slowly. Similarly, the bison might impede, but not stop, the invasion of the meadow areas by the forest, which appears to be occurring. Wallows, particularly those lo- cated in places where summering bulls commonly stayed or traveled, were used year after year. Wallows were as much a feature of these areas as were the bison themselves (Fig. 49). Even after areas such as Blacktrail Deer Creek were unin- habited by bison for a number of years, the depressions left by the. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original Meagher, Margaret Mary; United States. National Park Service. [Washington] : U. S. Dept. of the Interior, National Park Service
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Keywords: ., bookauthorunitedstatesnatio, bookcentury1900, booksubjectmammals
