. Biology; the story of living things. 332 THE MAINTENANCE OF THE INDIVIDUAL procoroioidr CoracoicC radius. ScapLcla glenoid -j^ssa xtlnct .carpccls f ooi\. .â Tneta<;arpal 5 The Appendicular Skeleton A study of any group of land animals shows a fundamental simi- larity of limb construction. Even such apparently diverse structures as the flippers of a whale or a seal and the wings of a bird are found to be identical in fundamental plan. All sorts of land animals typically possess shoulder and hip girdles, respectively known as pectoral and pelvic girdles. These girdles are attached directly
. Biology; the story of living things. 332 THE MAINTENANCE OF THE INDIVIDUAL procoroioidr CoracoicC radius. ScapLcla glenoid -j^ssa xtlnct .carpccls f ooi\. .â Tneta<;arpal 5 The Appendicular Skeleton A study of any group of land animals shows a fundamental simi- larity of limb construction. Even such apparently diverse structures as the flippers of a whale or a seal and the wings of a bird are found to be identical in fundamental plan. All sorts of land animals typically possess shoulder and hip girdles, respectively known as pectoral and pelvic girdles. These girdles are attached directly or indirectly to the axial skeleton, thus providing rigidity and facilitating movement of the appendages. It is significant that the pentadactyl limb of the land vertebrates is built upon a generalized plan, in which each girdle is formed of three bones. Each front and hind leg is likewise composed of three major bones. In the anterior limb, a single humerus articulates with two bones, the ulna, a process of which forms the "funny bone" of the elbow, and the radius. In the posterior limb the corresponding bones are the femur, which is typi- cally characterized by a prominent "ball" at one side of the main axis fitting into a socket in the pelvic girdle; the tibia, or shin-bone ; and the smaller fibula. In addition to these larger bones is the group of wrist {carpal) and ankle (tarsal) bones, followed by the metacarpal and metatarsal bones, depending upon whether they belong to the anterior or posterior limb. The bones of the fingers or toes are technically known as phalanges. â¢pre lirnb ^ c c V ...phoclanges. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original Hunter, George W. (George William), 1873-1948; Walter, Herbert Eugene, b. 1867; Hunter, George W. (George William), 1902-. New Yo
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