. Bulletin of the Department of Agriculture. Agriculture; Agriculture. 24 BULLETIN 463, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. very tenacious it should be harrowed with a disk harrow (fig. 13) ahead of the grading machine, and after the material has been moved over toward the center of the road the lumps of sod should be thrown out. A method sometimes followed is to skim off the sod, by means of hand shovels, ahead of the grading machine, but this method is expensive and seldom justified. Whether or not it is necessary to contend with any considerable quantity of sod, the use of a disk harrow u
. Bulletin of the Department of Agriculture. Agriculture; Agriculture. 24 BULLETIN 463, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. very tenacious it should be harrowed with a disk harrow (fig. 13) ahead of the grading machine, and after the material has been moved over toward the center of the road the lumps of sod should be thrown out. A method sometimes followed is to skim off the sod, by means of hand shovels, ahead of the grading machine, but this method is expensive and seldom justified. Whether or not it is necessary to contend with any considerable quantity of sod, the use of a disk harrow usually will prove helpful in securing a smooth uniform road surface with the grading machine. In general it is sufficient to give the loosened material a thorough harrowing after the road has' been brought approximately to it? required shape, but before the final shap- ing is done. Where continuous long stretches of road are to be graded with grading machines, it frequently is econom- ical to substitute a traction engine for the teams and to em- ploy two machines. Where this is done the first machine is connected immedi- ately behind the trac- tor, either directly behind or to one side, as the conditions require, and the second machine is connected behind and to one side of the first. Otherwise the method of operation is not essentially different from that already described. The rate at which a road can be graded up with a grading machine varies to a great extent, and depends largely on the character of the soil. Where the original cross section of the ground is approxi- mately level, such as that shown in the model (PL II), the cross section of the finished road similar to that shown in figure 12, and the soil conditions not unfavorable, a grading machine drawn by six well-trained horses should cut out the side ditches and shape the road in from 20 to 35 round trips. Allowing for a reasonable amount of lost time, the rate at which the team travels should average from 1^ to 2 m
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