. The structure and life of birds . MT, first metatarsal;pb, pubis ; py, pygostyle ; r, radius ; rc, radial carpal; sc, scapula ; si», spine ; sr,sternal piece of rib; tm, tarso-metatarsus ; tt, tibio-tarsus ; u, ulna; uc, ulnarcarpal; up, uncinate processes. SKELETONS OF BIRD AND REPTILE undergo, bones remain, relatively to each other, in thesame position. Hence it often happens that to observecarefully the position of a bone is the best way todiscover what bone it is. The wrist now follows, con-sisting of two rows of bones called Carpals (C, fig. 4a), with a central one (CE) wedgedafter thes
. The structure and life of birds . MT, first metatarsal;pb, pubis ; py, pygostyle ; r, radius ; rc, radial carpal; sc, scapula ; si», spine ; sr,sternal piece of rib; tm, tarso-metatarsus ; tt, tibio-tarsus ; u, ulna; uc, ulnarcarpal; up, uncinate processes. SKELETONS OF BIRD AND REPTILE undergo, bones remain, relatively to each other, in thesame position. Hence it often happens that to observecarefully the position of a bone is the best way todiscover what bone it is. The wrist now follows, con-sisting of two rows of bones called Carpals (C, fig. 4a), with a central one (CE) wedgedafter these the five Metacarpals,the bones of the hand (MC).Next to them come the fingerbones, each division beingcalled a Phalanx (D I, 2, 3,4, 5). The thumb has twophalanges, the second digitthree, the third four, the fourthfive, and the fifth three. Andat the end of each digit is aclaw. Apart from its beingfeatherless, nothing less suitedfor flying can be imagined. If we turn now to the birdwe shall find that the Hu- 111 between the two,. Fig. 3- -Tibia and Fibula of Fowl,fibula ; T, tibia. merus (HU, fig. 2) has broad-ened, especially at the nearerend, and is covered with great protuberances, good evidence that powerful musclesspring from it and are attached to it. Till we cometo the fingers, there will be a striking increase in thelength of the various bones. A birds wing would bean outrageously long leg for a lizard of equal weightand bulk. When the long radius and ulna are ex-tended, the elbow-joint allows of no turning is essential for flight, they are held stiff whatever IO THE STRUCTURE AND LIFE OF BIRDS chap. strain is put upon them. The Radius is a veryslender bone, the Ulna much thicker, with small butwell-marked projections at the points where the greatfeathers grow. Of the nearer row of carpal bonesthere are only two (RC and UC), whereas there arethree found in the lizard ; in the bird the small inter-mediate one has disappeared, and also the central bone
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Keywords: ., bookcentury1800, bookdecade1890, bookidstructurelif, bookyear1895
