. The Eastern Bering Sea Shelf : oceanography and resources / edited by Donald W. Hood and John A. Calder . Figure 11-2. Idealized Beaufort Sea nearsiiore ice regime siiowing one of many possible configurations. Note pile of ice on beach, large apron of attached ice starting at a shear ridge and extending seaward. lead" is often found just seaward of the deepest grounded ridge. In this zone a large amount of pack-ice energy is expended that must be accounted for when modeling nearshore ice mechanics. With the increased attention to offshore structures required in the course of petroleum d
. The Eastern Bering Sea Shelf : oceanography and resources / edited by Donald W. Hood and John A. Calder . Figure 11-2. Idealized Beaufort Sea nearsiiore ice regime siiowing one of many possible configurations. Note pile of ice on beach, large apron of attached ice starting at a shear ridge and extending seaward. lead" is often found just seaward of the deepest grounded ridge. In this zone a large amount of pack-ice energy is expended that must be accounted for when modeling nearshore ice mechanics. With the increased attention to offshore structures required in the course of petroleum development, the grounded- ridge zone has become important in relation to physical hazards. Beyond the grounded-ridge zone, an apron of floating fast ice (here called "attached" ice in order to emphasize the absence of grounded features to the seaward) can often be found extending from a few meters to many kilometers into the ocean. Since the stability of attached ice is tenuous, it can easily be converted into pack ice by an ice-breaking event. Figs 11-1 and 11-2 give some idea of the range of conditions that can be found. The situation depicted in Fig. 11-1 shows relatively undeformed bottom-fast ice along the beach with tidal cracks occurring near the 2-m isobath. Offshore in water a few meters deep, occasional piles of pressured ice may in fact be grounded. These often act as single-point anchors and are generally created as weaker ice is pressured around stronger pans. This pattern extends out to
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