. Building and repairing railways . Figs. 69 and 70. RETAINING WALLS. with small stone leading to the side ditches, or,better still, by putting in an under drain. Ditcheswell back from the slope must be made to carry 122 BUILDING AND REPAIRING RAILWAYS. off the surface water to the end of the cut, andnot allow it to pass down the slope into the must be connected by ditches to givedrainage to openings, and, where there are no bor-rowpits, ditches must be made to protect embank-ments from being washed by water coming downslopes. Where ditching is resorted to, to reduce. Showing ho
. Building and repairing railways . Figs. 69 and 70. RETAINING WALLS. with small stone leading to the side ditches, or,better still, by putting in an under drain. Ditcheswell back from the slope must be made to carry 122 BUILDING AND REPAIRING RAILWAYS. off the surface water to the end of the cut, andnot allow it to pass down the slope into the must be connected by ditches to givedrainage to openings, and, where there are no bor-rowpits, ditches must be made to protect embank-ments from being washed by water coming downslopes. Where ditching is resorted to, to reduce. Showing how a cut can be full width, at grade and the material taken out atslope stakes and yet all the material will not be excavated. openings in embankments, ample bermes must beleft and the changes in direction made by easycurves. Where wTater is allowed to come downslopes against an embankment and flow off by aditch through a knoll, the embankment must bereinforced by earth and, if possible, stone in suffi-cient quantity to keep the embankment frombeing softened by the water standing against it. CONSTRUCTION. 123 It must never be forgotten that a well drainedroadbed is affected less by frost in winter, dam-aged less in rainy seasons and costs less to keepin good order. The practice is to use cast iron pipe of the styleused for water mains in cities, for culverts andsmall pile bent bridges; some roads, however, usewrought iron pipe for this purpose. Cast iron isadmitted to stand corrosion better than iron orsteel, and in time will probably be used to theexclusion of iron or steel
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Keywords: ., bookcentury1900, bookdecade1900, booksubjectrailroa, bookyear1901
