. The Street railway journal . are Avenue to the north side ofthe wharf. On account of the character of the ground, the foundations pre-sented an interesting problem, complicated by the location of thewater conduits between the lines of columns. Below the upperstrata, which is a hard, coarse gravel, is a soft, black mud mixedwith clay, extending down an average depth of 20 ft. to coarsesand. On account of these conditions, it was decided to use pilesfor the foundations. Allowing a load of 20 tons per pile forwood piles, the heavy loads due to the coal bunkers and stacksmade the areas of the fo
. The Street railway journal . are Avenue to the north side ofthe wharf. On account of the character of the ground, the foundations pre-sented an interesting problem, complicated by the location of thewater conduits between the lines of columns. Below the upperstrata, which is a hard, coarse gravel, is a soft, black mud mixedwith clay, extending down an average depth of 20 ft. to coarsesand. On account of these conditions, it was decided to use pilesfor the foundations. Allowing a load of 20 tons per pile forwood piles, the heavy loads due to the coal bunkers and stacksmade the areas of the footings such that it was found necessary totake the steel columns down below the bottom of the conduits,allowing the footings to spread out beneath them. As the bottomof these conduits is about 9 ft. below the basement floor level, andas water is encountered over the whole area at a level about 2 the floor, thus making continual pumping and shoring neces-sary until the piles were driven and the columns erected, the ob-. September 23, 1905.] STREET RAILWAY JOURNAL. 519 jections to footings of this character can be readily led to the adoption of Raymond concrete piles, which, be-ing spaced 30 ins. center to center and sustaining a load per pileof 30 tons, made the areas of the footings about two-thirds thesize necessary for wood piles, thus making it possible to constructthe conduits between the footings, excavating below the basementfloor only to the depth necessary for the concrete pile capping andthe column bases. For these piles a tapering sheet-steel casing,in which is a collapsible core, is driven through the mud to hard and walls, are entirely of reinforced concrete, as are the coal bunk-ers and stacks. Concrete for the bunkers was considered cheaperthan any other construction, because of its requiring practically noexpenditure for maintenance or repairs. To economize space, the stacks were located over the boilersand supported on the structural ste
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Keywords: ., bookcentury1800, bookdecade1880, booksubjectstreetr, bookyear1884
