. Coastal scour problems and methods for prediction of maximum scour. Scour (Hydraulic engineering); Sea-walls; Underwater pipelines; Rubble mound breakwaters. b. Improper design of toe berms. c. Erosion of the bottom material. Toe-buttressing stone is used to stabilize the slope armor by preventing downslope slippage of the armor layer and typically is not concerned with scour-related problems, as are items b. and c. The most recent guidance available for design of structures which addresses the three problems listed above is contained in Markle (1989). Generally, sufficient guidance is given
. Coastal scour problems and methods for prediction of maximum scour. Scour (Hydraulic engineering); Sea-walls; Underwater pipelines; Rubble mound breakwaters. b. Improper design of toe berms. c. Erosion of the bottom material. Toe-buttressing stone is used to stabilize the slope armor by preventing downslope slippage of the armor layer and typically is not concerned with scour-related problems, as are items b. and c. The most recent guidance available for design of structures which addresses the three problems listed above is contained in Markle (1989). Generally, sufficient guidance is given for design of bedding or filter layers based on soil type, but very few data are available for selecting material size and geometric configuration for proper toe berm and buttressing design. Although any of the three preceding problems can occur no matter how well the toe of the structure is designed, failure can be expected to occur if the bottom material is exposed to sufficient energy for scour to take place. Additional guidance for design of rubble-mound structures is contained in Pilarczyk (1989) and the SPM (1984). In many cases, the present solution (in some cases impractical) is to extend the berm to some point where insufficient energy exists to displace the bottom Figure 6. Scour problems at rubble-mound structures 23. Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original Fowler, Jimmy E; United States. Army. Corps of Engineers; Coastal Engineering Research Center (U. S. ); U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station. [Vicksburg, Miss. : U. S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station ; Springfield, Va. : Available from National Technical Information Service]
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