. The Canadian field-naturalist. Natural history. 1995 CRfiTE AND Desrosiers: Range Expansion of Coyotes 233 OT 60 (0 E 0) O 40 0) n E c 20- 10calves:100cows 30 calves: 100 cows mont Jacques-Cartier. mont Albert t80 60 40 20 observed â X- projected 84 85 86 87 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 2000 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 10 11 12 i year ' Figure 4. Simulated number of female Caribou making up the Mont Jacques-Cartier and the Mont Albert group in j Gaspesie Park between 1984 and 1992, and projected population size up to 2012 according to two calfxow ratios in autumn, assuming an annual survival rate
. The Canadian field-naturalist. Natural history. 1995 CRfiTE AND Desrosiers: Range Expansion of Coyotes 233 OT 60 (0 E 0) O 40 0) n E c 20- 10calves:100cows 30 calves: 100 cows mont Jacques-Cartier. mont Albert t80 60 40 20 observed â X- projected 84 85 86 87 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 2000 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 10 11 12 i year ' Figure 4. Simulated number of female Caribou making up the Mont Jacques-Cartier and the Mont Albert group in j Gaspesie Park between 1984 and 1992, and projected population size up to 2012 according to two calfxow ratios in autumn, assuming an annual survival rate of for yearlings and older animals. calves: 100 females for a population to remain stable (X=) under an adult survival rate of Black Bear densities were reduced in the alpine tundra in 1990 and 1991, and Coyotes have been controlled since 1990 in the park, in accordance with the recovery plan (Crete et al. 1994). In addition, the hiking trail ascending Mont Jacques-Cartier has been closed until late June since 1992 because hikers affect Caribou behaviour (Dumont 1993). It is impossible to reach a conclusion on the role of predator removal with respect to enhanced recruit- ment. It is obvious that removal of predators will decrease mortality of prey, at least over the short term. Other studies on cervids have reported signifi- cant increases of neotate survival following predator control (, Beasom 1974; Austin et al. 1977; Guthery and Beasom 1977; Gasaway et al. 1983; Ballard and Miller 1990). However, the magnitude of improved prey survival will depend on the pro- portion and the composition of the predator popula- tion removed. Efficiency of predator removal also depends on whether the offending predators are removed. Coyotes need approximately kg of meat daily to sustain normal metabolic activities in the wild (Pekins and Mautz 1990). As Caribou calves weigh ^7 kg at birth (Crete et al. 1993), a pair of Coyotes raising pups would need approxi- mately 1
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