China: Empress Cheng Xiao Zhao (1379-1442), consort of the 4th Ming Emperor Hongxi (r. 1424-1425). Hanging scroll painting, 14th-17th century. Empress Zhang (1379-1442), formal name Chengxiaozhao, was the consort to the Hongxi Emperor of the Ming Dynasty. Born from a peasant background, her husband ruled only for one year before dying, and so she became Empress Dowager as her son ascended to become the Xuande Emperor. She was a dominant presence during his reign, known for her knowledge and wisdom. She became Grand Empress Dowager in 1435, serving as regent for her grandson, Emperor Yingzong.

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