. The Canadian field-naturalist. Figure L Illustration of Cimicifuga elata. Line drawing by Jane Lee Ling in Douglas et. al (1998). was found to be more common in areas that were not extensively clear-cut, but that instead, had a patchwork of mature mixed-forest, deciduous stands, small clear-cuts, and road-cuts. In Washington, this species is likewise mainly associ- ated with mature or old-growth coniferous or mixed-forest, but is also observed at forest margins and on road-cuts. Biology There is no information available on the biology of Cimicifuga elata in British Columbia. However, in Wash
. The Canadian field-naturalist. Figure L Illustration of Cimicifuga elata. Line drawing by Jane Lee Ling in Douglas et. al (1998). was found to be more common in areas that were not extensively clear-cut, but that instead, had a patchwork of mature mixed-forest, deciduous stands, small clear-cuts, and road-cuts. In Washington, this species is likewise mainly associ- ated with mature or old-growth coniferous or mixed-forest, but is also observed at forest margins and on road-cuts. Biology There is no information available on the biology of Cimicifuga elata in British Columbia. However, in Washington and Oregon where this species is more abundant, research has focussed on pollina- tion ecology (Pellmyr 1985a, 1985b, 1986), and on population genetic structure with implications associated with its rarity (Evans 1993). There have also been studies on the presence of active com- pounds of pharmacological use in species of Cimicifuga, particularly those in the Far East (Shibata et al. 1980). Phenology Young plants of Cimicifuga elata emerge in the spring, produce buds in late spring, and flower mid- June to August. In experiments, Kaye and Kirkland balance of shade and light, and moisture retention. Common associated species include Thimbleberry {Rubus parviflorus). Devils' Club {Oploplopanax horridus). Vine Maple (Acer circinatum). Spreading Wood Fern {Dryopteris expansa), Youth-on-age (Tolmeia menziesii). Red Elderberry (Sambucus racemosa). Enchanter's-nightshade (Circea alpina), and Wild Ginger {Asarum caudatum). Sites are char- acterized by 15-35° slopes with north, southwest, and south aspects. Cimicifuga elata has been observed in managed stands that contain clear-cuts, mature second growth forests, and deciduous stands. Individuals of C. elata have been observed on road-cuts and in clear- cuts where there is increased light availability, and freshly disturbed mineral soil increasing the chances for seedling establishment. Seedlings in these sites display increased
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