Applied anatomy and kinesiology; the mechanism of muscular movement . eir use is in an emergency; the athlete and theclerk must both discard them for looser ones while developing thefeet through exercise. Walking with the toes turned out at an angle of 45 degrees ormore is conducive to flat-foot, since in this position, shown inFig. 119, the entire weight is borne by the inner and outer marginsof the foot in alternation, while it is sustained more easily if borne-by both sides at the same time, as in Fig. 118. Flat-foot is sometimes caused by rupture or stretching of the 200 MOVEMENTS OF THE F
Applied anatomy and kinesiology; the mechanism of muscular movement . eir use is in an emergency; the athlete and theclerk must both discard them for looser ones while developing thefeet through exercise. Walking with the toes turned out at an angle of 45 degrees ormore is conducive to flat-foot, since in this position, shown inFig. 119, the entire weight is borne by the inner and outer marginsof the foot in alternation, while it is sustained more easily if borne-by both sides at the same time, as in Fig. 118. Flat-foot is sometimes caused by rupture or stretching of the 200 MOVEMENTS OF THE FOOT plantar ligaments by alighting too heavily on too hard a surface,as in the case of an athlete accidentally alighting on a hard spotfrom a pole vault or a broad jump. The chief preventive measure for warding off flat-foot is muscu-lar development by suitable exercise of the feet. Those who havein childhood played active games and who have kept up a moderatepractice of outdoor sports later are not apt to suffer from flat-foot, unless from some excess or Fig. 118 Fig. 119 Figs. 118 and 119.—Fig. 118 correct and Fig. 119 meorrect position of the feet in walking. (Ethel Perrin.) Those who have acquired flat-foot should be treated by aspecialist. The most successful form of treatment includes the useof some artificial support for the arch while doing things that wouldstrain it, together with exercises to develop necessary strength^inthe muscles that lack it. Without the latter there can be no per-manent cure, for the artificial support, like any other form of FUNDAMENTAL MOVEMENTS OF THE LOWER LIMB 201 crutch, can do no more than bear the weight temporarily while acure is being effected. Circumduction of the foot while it is notbearing any weight is one of the best exercises for weak feet, andwalking on tlie outer margin of the foot is good when the plantarligaments are intact. One of the surest ways to detect flat-foot in early stages is toobserve the foot from the
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