. Cyclopedia of American horticulture, comprising suggestions for cultivation of horticultural plants, descriptions of the species of fruits, vegetables, flowers, and ornamental plants sold in the United States and Canada, together with geographical and biographical sketches. Gardening. : that part of the biological sciences which is concerned with unusual forms of the whole body or any of its organs. These, by comparison with the normal forms, are called malformations or mon- strosities. Malformations among plants are due to a disturbance of the ordinar}' couAse of the growth and d
. Cyclopedia of American horticulture, comprising suggestions for cultivation of horticultural plants, descriptions of the species of fruits, vegetables, flowers, and ornamental plants sold in the United States and Canada, together with geographical and biographical sketches. Gardening. : that part of the biological sciences which is concerned with unusual forms of the whole body or any of its organs. These, by comparison with the normal forms, are called malformations or mon- strosities. Malformations among plants are due to a disturbance of the ordinar}' couAse of the growth and development of the organs. Such a derangement of 2480. Extra free pistils of the orange persisting even in fruit. guish between malformation and variation, except arbi- trarily. When the difference between the ordinary and unusual forms is very marked, and particularly when the alteration gives rise to grotesque forms, having al- tered functions, one speaks of malformation rather than variation. Malformations have been found in all groups of plants, though they are most noticeable in the ferns and flowering plants. A very large number have been recorded; Penzig (see below) has collected data of monstrosities in more than 4,000 species, and the list has been augmented since the publication of his work. Classification of such numerous and divei'se phenomena is a most difiScult task and involves an extensive technical terminology. Here only a few of the more important categories can be mentioned. 1. Alteration in the Nuiviber and Size of Organs. 1. Pleiomeri/ is the term applied to the increase in the number of leaf-like organs. The number of members of a whorl may be increased; or the number of whorls; or the numl)er of distributed organs may become greater than usual. Double flowers often show plei- omery. Fig. 2003. Extra free pistils of the orange, persisting even in the fruit, are shown in Fig. 2480. More regular polycarpy appears occasionally in the tomato, and constantly in
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