Thalassa; an essay on the depth, temperature, and currents of the ocean . e North Atlanticin 1876, Tuscarora in the Pacific Ocean (1874to 1876), and the latest Arctic Expedition under the commandof Sir G. S. Nares (1875-1876). In the charts and diagrams which accompany the followingpages, I have endeavoured to combine the results of recent lo Preface. observations, and more especially of the sounding operationscarried on on board Challenger during her cruiseround the world, in so far as they throw any light upon thedistribution of depth, temperature, and currents in the diffe
Thalassa; an essay on the depth, temperature, and currents of the ocean . e North Atlanticin 1876, Tuscarora in the Pacific Ocean (1874to 1876), and the latest Arctic Expedition under the commandof Sir G. S. Nares (1875-1876). In the charts and diagrams which accompany the followingpages, I have endeavoured to combine the results of recent lo Preface. observations, and more especially of the sounding operationscarried on on board Challenger during her cruiseround the world, in so far as they throw any light upon thedistribution of depth, temperature, and currents in the differentoceanic basins which have been explored. The advance made in our days towards a satisfactory solu-tion of the problem of oceanic circulation will probably berecorded completeness by abler hands; meantime, Iam not without hope that the contents of this essay may find awelcome amonofst those who have followed with interest theprogress of the numerous expeditions sent out of late years toclear up the mysteries of the ocean. JOHN JAMES , May, THALASSA. CHAPTER I. DEPTH OF THE OCEAN. Distribution of Land and Water—Depth of the Ocean—Configuration of the Sea-bottom—Description of the Basin of the Atlantic—The Indian Ocean—ThePacific—The Southern Ocean—The Arctic Sea—The Antarctic Sea. Distribution of Land and Water.—Our conception oithe relative distribution of land and water over the surface ofthe Earth has been hitherto limited to a comparison of thesuperficial areas occupied by these two elements, such as theyare presented to us on a chart of the world. In this sense wespeak of the different continents and islands which constitutethe sum total of dry land, and of the different oceans and seaswhich compose the water-surface of our planet. But if wewish to form a more perfect idea of the distribution of land andwater, we must consider not only the length and breadth of theareas occupied, but also the height of the land and the deptho
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