. The age of mammals in Europe, Asia and North America. Mammals, Fossil; Paleontology. THE PLIOCENE OF EUROPE, ASIA, AND NORTH AMERICA 365 of which (P. texanus), it is interesting to note, presents a close relationship to the P. rex from the Rattlesnake Formation of Oregon. The horses are imperfectly known, but it is certain that they still be- longed to the three great grazing phyla Pliohippus, Protohippus, and Neo- hipparion, the browsing Hypohippus phylum having apparently disap- peared, as well as the intermediate Merychippus phylum. One of the species of Protohippus (P. cumminsii) was so
. The age of mammals in Europe, Asia and North America. Mammals, Fossil; Paleontology. THE PLIOCENE OF EUROPE, ASIA, AND NORTH AMERICA 365 of which (P. texanus), it is interesting to note, presents a close relationship to the P. rex from the Rattlesnake Formation of Oregon. The horses are imperfectly known, but it is certain that they still be- longed to the three great grazing phyla Pliohippus, Protohippus, and Neo- hipparion, the browsing Hypohippus phylum having apparently disap- peared, as well as the intermediate Merychippus phylum. One of the species of Protohippus (P. cumminsii) was so progressive in character as to have been referred by Cope to the genus Equus, but according to Gidley. Fig. 170. — Carapace and tail of the Pliocene glyptodont Glyptotherium and skeleton of the recent armadillo Xenurus. In the American Museum of Natural History. it shows a much closer relationship to the three-toed horse of the Miocene, though it is more advanced than any true Miocene species of this genus. The Pliohippus of this stage was also mistakenly referred by Cope to Equus, but its principal characters point to a more primitive phase than any true species of this genus. Glyplodonts. — Among the edentates, Glyptotherium is the only one fully knowm. The existence of glyptodonts in Texas (1888) and Florida (1889) was first made knowm by Cope and Leidy. A fuller knowledge of these remarkable animals as they appear in the southern portion of the United States was revealed in 1900 by the discovery by the American Museum party under Gidley of a nearly complete carapace with tail arma- ture of an animal found to be distinct from the South American glypto- donts and thus described as Glyptotherium texanum by Osborn.^ This animal was very primitive and simple in its tail structure, which strongly suggests that of several of the Pliocene Santa Cruz types of Patagonia. ' Osborn, H. F., Glyptotherium texanum. A New Glyptodont, from th(! Lower Pleistocene of Texas. Bull. Arner. M
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