A brief history of the nations and of their progress in civilization . us of France, John of England,and other monarchs. BonifaceVIII. asserted the complete sub-jection of secular to spiritualrule. The body of canon lawwas framed in accordance with these principles. The Babylonian Exile; the Great Schism During the resi-dence of the popes at Avignon, there was great complaint onaccount of their dependence on France, as well as on othergrounds. Gregory XI., to the joy of all good men, returned toRome (1376). But at his death, two years later, a majority ofthe cardinals elected an Italian, Urban
A brief history of the nations and of their progress in civilization . us of France, John of England,and other monarchs. BonifaceVIII. asserted the complete sub-jection of secular to spiritualrule. The body of canon lawwas framed in accordance with these principles. The Babylonian Exile; the Great Schism During the resi-dence of the popes at Avignon, there was great complaint onaccount of their dependence on France, as well as on othergrounds. Gregory XI., to the joy of all good men, returned toRome (1376). But at his death, two years later, a majority ofthe cardinals elected an Italian, Urban VI., in his place. Theadherents of the French party made a protest, and chose aGenevan cardinal, under the name of Clement VII. Somecountries adhered to Clement. This great schism of the Westcreated sorrow and alarm among well-disposed Christian peo-ple. It tended to diminish the reverence felt for the papaloffice and to weaken its influence. The Reforming Councils. — The first important effort to termi-nate the division was made by the University of Paris. Three. Innocent III. REFOKMING COUNCILS 341 great councils were held; the first at Pisa (1409), the secondat Constance (1414), and the third at Basle (1431). At theCouncil of Constance there were gathered not only a throng ofprelates and inferior clergy, but also the Emperor Sigismund,and a multitude of princes, nobles, and spectators of everyrank. The whole world, it was said, was there. Thecouncil affirmed its own sovereign authority. The results ofthe two councils of Pisa and Constance, as regards the refor-mation of the Church, disappointed the hopes of those whowere disaffected with the existing state of things. The Coun-cil of Basle exhibited the same spirit as that of Constance, andpassed various measures in the interest of national churches,and for practical reforms. This council, however, broke intotwo parts; and the hopes connected with it were likewise, toa great extent, frustrated. Had it been practicable for
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