. Electric railway journal . creased120 per cent in the same period, yet there was a decreaseof 90 per cent in net operating income. It is said that freight and passenger rates are atthe economic peak, that wages must be maintained andthat transportation is a necessity, yet these figures showthat with splendid operating efficiency the railroadsearn no return. Who takes the loss? Thousands ofworkers, banks and insurance companies who have in-vested their capital in railroads and who now say noto every request for more capital. The same conditions prevail in general in the electricrailway indust


. Electric railway journal . creased120 per cent in the same period, yet there was a decreaseof 90 per cent in net operating income. It is said that freight and passenger rates are atthe economic peak, that wages must be maintained andthat transportation is a necessity, yet these figures showthat with splendid operating efficiency the railroadsearn no return. Who takes the loss? Thousands ofworkers, banks and insurance companies who have in-vested their capital in railroads and who now say noto every request for more capital. The same conditions prevail in general in the electricrailway industry, and there are only two things to doto relieve the situation: cut down expenses and sellmore transportation. October 1, 1921 Electric Railway Journal 543 Single Phase Gives Way to the Automatic Substation York Railways Discards 6,600-Volt Single Phase on the 18-Mile Hanover Interurban Line for DirectCurrent from Two 500-Kw. Automatic Substations—New Cars of Same CapacityAre Nearly 16 Tons Lighter than Those Replaced ROD. THAT portion of the York Railways high-speedinterurban line between the York city limits andHanover, Pa., after thirteen years operation at6,600 volts single phase, has been converted to adirect-current system. The total length of the line fromthe center of York to its terminus in Hanover is , 3 miles of which is within the city limits ofYork and Hanover, and, of course, was operated at600 volts direct current. Two 500-kw. automatic sub-stations now furnish the power to this newly changed-over section of the line which has been left insulatedfor the high potential. A much more satisfactoryservice is now being furnished with a type of car ofthe same seating capacity as the former car but weigh-ing almost 16 tons less and having a total motor ratingsmaller by 40 hp. There were many considerations which influenced theredesign of the line for entire direct-current to say, when direct current can be fed intothe trolley with all the


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