. The Cattle grubs or ox warbles, their biologies and suggestions for control. Warble flies; Cattle; Insect pests. 10 BULLETIN 1369, XI. S. DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE in 1912 showed that H. bovis occurred in abundance in southern British Columbia, and further evidence of the distribution is given by Hewitt (42) in 1914. Hence it is problematical as to just when that species was introduced, if in fact it is not a native. Records indi- cate, however, that it has been introduced rather recently. H. Ifoxea- tum, on the other hand, has been known in this country for many years and has been bred from
. The Cattle grubs or ox warbles, their biologies and suggestions for control. Warble flies; Cattle; Insect pests. 10 BULLETIN 1369, XI. S. DEPARTMENT OP AGRICULTURE in 1912 showed that H. bovis occurred in abundance in southern British Columbia, and further evidence of the distribution is given by Hewitt (42) in 1914. Hence it is problematical as to just when that species was introduced, if in fact it is not a native. Records indi- cate, however, that it has been introduced rather recently. H. Ifoxea- tum, on the other hand, has been known in this country for many years and has been bred from the native bison, suggesting the possi- bility that that form may be in reality an American species and not introduced from Europe. As indicated by the map, H. bovis is now generally distributed in the Northern States from Illinois to Maine and occurs in more or less isolated areas throughout the Northern States to the Pacific. As stated by one of the writers (4) in regard to H. bovis, this species "must have some well-marked climatic barriers which have. Fig. 2.—Distribution of Eypoderma lovis in the United States. Each dot repre- sents a locality where this species has been collected during this investigation. The points shown in the Southern States are collections of larvae shipped in in cattle prevented its general dissemination through the ; As also pointed out in the publication referred to, there are certain areas in the United States which are almost, if not entirely, free from grubs. The most notable example of this is in the valley of the Red River of the North. In the southern two-thirds of Florida grubs are ap- parently not to be found except in imported animals. This condi- tion may be due to some combination of natural-control factors, as humidity, salt spray, and drainage. In eastern Massachusetts, the coastal area of New Hampshire, and parts of southwestern Illinois, grubs are relatively scarce. Similar areas of scarcity have been noted by H
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