. The photographic history of the Civil War : in ten volumes . red from the natural impatience of militarycommanders, who resented the abnormal relations which inev-itably led to distrust and contention. While such irritationsand distrusts were rarely justified, none the less they proveddetrimental to the best interests of the United States. On the one hand, the ojjerators were ordered to report to,and obey only, the corporation representatives who dominatedthe War Department, while on the other their lot was cast withmilitary associates, who frequently regarded them with a cer-tain contempt o


. The photographic history of the Civil War : in ten volumes . red from the natural impatience of militarycommanders, who resented the abnormal relations which inev-itably led to distrust and contention. While such irritationsand distrusts were rarely justified, none the less they proveddetrimental to the best interests of the United States. On the one hand, the ojjerators were ordered to report to,and obey only, the corporation representatives who dominatedthe War Department, while on the other their lot was cast withmilitary associates, who frequently regarded them with a cer-tain contempt or hostility. Thus, the life of the field-operatorwas hard, indeed, and it is to the lasting credit of the men, asa class, that their intelligence and patriotism were equal tothe situation and won final confidence. Emergent conditions in 1861 caused the seizure of thecommercial systems around Washington, and Assistant Secre-tary of War Thomas A. Scott was made general manager ofall such lines. He secured the cooperation of E. S. Sanford, J , I IP. £L33|f5t£. TELEGRAPHERS AFTER GETTYSBURG The efficient-looking man leaning against the tent-pole in the rear is A. H. Caldwell, chief cipher operator for McClellan, Burnside,Hooker, Meade, and Grant. To him, just at the time this photograph was made, Lincoln addressed the famous despatch sent to SimonCameron at Gettysburg. After being deciphered by Caldwell and delivered, the message ran: I would give much to be relieved ofthe impression that Meade, Couch, Smith, and all, since the battle of Gettysburg, have striven only to get the enemy over the riverwithout another fight. Please tell me if you know who was the one corps commander who was for fighting, in the council of war onSunday night. It was customary for cipher messages to be addressed to and signed by the cipher operators. All of the group aremere boys, yet they coolly kept open their telegraph lines, sending important orders, while under fire and amid the utmost confusion.


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Keywords: ., bookauthormillerfrancistrevelya, bookcentury1900, bookdecade1910