. The Canadian field-naturalist. 1996 Calme and Haddad: Habitat for the Upland Sandpiper 327 Methods Study sites This study was conducted in 1994 and 1995, between 5 June and 14 July. In 1994, we visited 137 peatlands, roughly distributed along the Saint Lawrence River lowlands, between the QuebecA^ermont border and Havre-Saint-Pierre on the North Shore. In 1995, 72 peatlands were sampled south and west of Quebec City (Figure 1). In 1995, we also counted birds in open habitats, , mostly hayfields (41) and pastures (10), abandoned farm- lands (7), recent clearcuts (4), grain crops (6), fiel
. The Canadian field-naturalist. 1996 Calme and Haddad: Habitat for the Upland Sandpiper 327 Methods Study sites This study was conducted in 1994 and 1995, between 5 June and 14 July. In 1994, we visited 137 peatlands, roughly distributed along the Saint Lawrence River lowlands, between the QuebecA^ermont border and Havre-Saint-Pierre on the North Shore. In 1995, 72 peatlands were sampled south and west of Quebec City (Figure 1). In 1995, we also counted birds in open habitats, , mostly hayfields (41) and pastures (10), abandoned farm- lands (7), recent clearcuts (4), grain crops (6), fields of clover (3), food crops (2), cranberry farms (1), and young plantations (1). Sampling methods In 1994 the fixed-radius point-count was used to measure species diversity. One 10-min observation period was carried out in each of the 137 peatlands, where all birds seen or heard within a radius of 100 m were recorded. When peatlands were large enough, a second point count was conducted at a dis- tance of at least 1 km from the first point count. Plots were located at least 150 m from the peatland's edge. Vegetation was sampled in each circular plot by visually estimating the percentage of the different vegetation types, as well as the percentage of open water. Vegetation types consisted of the following strata: forbs, ericaceous shrubs, trees 5 m. In 1995 the point-count technique was again used. We placed one count in each distinct habitat type in the peatland; thus their number depended on the peatland's heterogeneity. In the surrounding open habitats we used single point-counts. In the peatlands, birds were also sampled along 200-m wide transect strips. We recorded the positions of all birds seen or heard in the strips. All transect lines were situated at least 200 m from the peatland edge and 300 m from each other. The total area sampled in each peatland represented a minimum of 30% and a maximum of 67% of its surface. Each peatland was surveyed once during the breeding se
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