. Bulletin. Insects; Insect pests; Entomology; Insects; Insect pests; Entomology. THE LorrST BORER. 3 the roug-h bark, in tho forks of the troo, and on tho g-round around the l)ase t)f tlu' trunk, duiinj^ ]Muy, rluno, and Jul}-; (4) l)y the brcakint; down of the hranrhos and young trees, and l)y the sickly appearance of the youn*;' twi^s and leaves in July and Auat Plains the locust is now cpiite free from injury l)V the borer; but that these regions will remain exempt is liy no means c(M"tain. EXTENT OF DAMAGE OR LOSS. So extensive is the damage to natural growth, artiticial plantations,
. Bulletin. Insects; Insect pests; Entomology; Insects; Insect pests; Entomology. THE LorrST BORER. 3 the roug-h bark, in tho forks of the troo, and on tho g-round around the l)ase t)f tlu' trunk, duiinj^ ]Muy, rluno, and Jul}-; (4) l)y the brcakint; down of the hranrhos and young trees, and l)y the sickly appearance of the youn*;' twi^s and leaves in July and Auat Plains the locust is now cpiite free from injury l)V the borer; but that these regions will remain exempt is liy no means c(M"tain. EXTENT OF DAMAGE OR LOSS. So extensive is the damage to natural growth, artiticial plantations, and shade trees that in sonn; sections within the natural range of the tree in the Eastern States, l)ut particularly in the Middle West, where both the tree and the insect have been introduced, it is considered unprofitable to gi'ow the tree for shade or tindjer, and in such sections the natural sprout growth is often considered a pest rather than othei- wise. The loss resulting from defective timber, stunted gi'owth, and the death of trees is rep- resented by the ditference in value between the damage(l growth or protluct and the same if uninjurecl and healthy. This, if (Expressed in dollnrs. would rep- resent a iai'ge sum. POSSIBILITIES OF PREVENTING LOSSES. There are sections, especially in the natural home of th»> tre(\ where, as has been fre(|uently obser\"ed l)y tlu> writer and others, the damage is not sutliciently s(>vere to sei-iously all'ect the \ itality of the treivs ov the commercial \alue of the pi-oduct; and our piesent knowledge of the insect and of methods of j)re\cnting losses from its ravages indi- cates that in luopiuly scdected localities, aiul under pioper forestry methods of management, the tree, so fai" as this insect is concerned, can be grown successfully on an extiMisixc scale, and can l»e made to yield most satisfactory returns. HISTORICAL REFERENCES. The first reference to this insect, acctuding to Fitch, i> a ligure and des
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