. Electric railway journal . but is inci-dent to progress. It is a factor in the cost of , the unit cost of power plant, , the in-vestment cost per kilowatt, is decreasing. This factcombined with an accompanying load factor improve-ment accounts for a greatly increased annual outputper dollar invested. Investment in plant and deprecia-tion thereof are, therefore, less important than for-merly. It should thus be easier as time goes on to cal-culate the cost of power. The technical associationcommittees which are working along this line should,however, be given every possibl


. Electric railway journal . but is inci-dent to progress. It is a factor in the cost of , the unit cost of power plant, , the in-vestment cost per kilowatt, is decreasing. This factcombined with an accompanying load factor improve-ment accounts for a greatly increased annual outputper dollar invested. Investment in plant and deprecia-tion thereof are, therefore, less important than for-merly. It should thus be easier as time goes on to cal-culate the cost of power. The technical associationcommittees which are working along this line should,however, be given every possible facility for their work. 66 ELECTRIC RAILWAY JOURNAL [Vol. XLIX, No. 2 Automatic Substations Permit LargeSaving in Des Moines First Cost of Seven City Substations Under Construction Is $140,000 Less Thanthe Cost of Manually-Operated Converters and Feeder System for Equal Losses—Present Plan Calls for Ten Automatic Substations, City and Interurban—$90,000Worth of Copper in Old Feeder System Is to Be Taken Down and Sold. BANK OF TRANSFORMERS, TWELFTH AND HIGH STREETS, AUTOMATIC SUBSTATION, DES MOINES, IOWA THE first example of the application of the automaticsubstation to an entire city property is the installa-tion now being made in Des Moines, Iowa. Fourautomatic substations including one portable sub-station are now in operation and seven more are underconstruction or on order. The principle of the automatic substation is alreadyfamiliar to the readers of the Electric Railway Jour-nal through several articles which have been is that variation in line voltage is utilized to controlthe starting and stopping of rotary converters, and theswitching operations. The details of operation of anearly installation were presented in the issue of Elec-tric Railway Journal for Sept. 18, 1915, page 583,where the equipment of the Elgin & Belvidere ElectricRailway was described. The equipment as installed atDes Moines is in all essentials identical with that inthe earlier in


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