. Comparative physiology of the brain and comparative psychology. Brain; Psychology, Comparative. 36 COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY OF THE BRAIN that it becomes small and round. This reflex is de- termined by two groups of muscles, first by ring- muscles in the oral and aboral openings, second by longitudinal muscles, which run lengthwise through the animal. By the contraction of these muscles the animal is protected from the en- trance of foreign bodies into the body cavity. This reaction is a typ- ical reflex act, and is eminently purposeful. According to the pre- vailing ideas concern- ing the deci
. Comparative physiology of the brain and comparative psychology. Brain; Psychology, Comparative. 36 COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY OF THE BRAIN that it becomes small and round. This reflex is de- termined by two groups of muscles, first by ring- muscles in the oral and aboral openings, second by longitudinal muscles, which run lengthwise through the animal. By the contraction of these muscles the animal is protected from the en- trance of foreign bodies into the body cavity. This reaction is a typ- ical reflex act, and is eminently purposeful. According to the pre- vailing ideas concern- ing the decisive role that the ganglion plays in reflexes, the pro- cedure is as follows : If the oral or aboral opening be touched, the stimulation is conducted through the peripheral nerves to the ganglion, where a mysterious reflex mechanism is brought into play, which gives the muscles the command to contract in a manner corresponding to the nature of the stimulus. Ferrier, for instance, in his text-book, mentions the one ganglion of the Ascidians as illustrative of the significance of the ganglion in reflexes. I removed the ganglion from a number of FIG. 9. CIONA INTESTINALIS. a oral, b aboral opening ; c, foot, d, location of Please note that these images are extracted from scanned page images that may have been digitally enhanced for readability - coloration and appearance of these illustrations may not perfectly resemble the original Loeb, Jacques, 1859-1924. New York, G. P. Putman's Sons; [etc. , etc. ]
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